INTRODUCTION TO GEOGRAPHY

Definition of Geography and environment.
Branches of Geography.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:


Define the terms Geography and environment.
Explain what the study of Geography entails.

Brainstorming,
Oral questions;
Brief discussion.

student book
student book, local environment

KLB BK I
Pg 1

INTRODUCTION TO GEOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION TO GEOGRAPHY
THE EARTH AND THE SOLAR SYSTEM.

Importance of studying Geography.
Relationship between Geography and other Disciplines.
Careers related to Geography.
Composition of the Solar System.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain importance of studying Geography.
Identify careers related to Geography.

Detailed discussion on importance of knowledge, skills, positive values and attitudes gained in course of studying Geography.

Open discussion on careers related to Geography.

local environment
Chart: relationship between Geography and other disciplines.
Career booklet.
Chart: the solar system & their relative sizes.

KLB BK I
Pg 2-3
KLB BK I
Pg 3-4

THE EARTH AND THE SOLAR SYSTEM.

The origin of the solar system.
Other heavenly bodies.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain theories put forward to explain the origin of the earth.

Exposition of new concepts;
Brief description.

student book

KLB BK I
Pg 7-8

THE EARTH AND THE SOLAR SYSTEM.

The origin and size of the earth.
The shape of the earth.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Advance postulates about origin and size of the earth.
Give reasons why the interior of the earth is known to be very hot.

Brain storming;
Exposition of factual information.

student book
Chart: mathematical data for planet earth.

KLB BK I
Pg 12-13

THE EARTH AND THE SOLAR SYSTEM.

The rotation of the earth on its axis.
Local time.
Time zones and the International Date Line.
The revolution of the earth round the sun.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain effects of rotation of the earth on its axis.
Explain the importance of the concept time zone.
Explain the effects of crossing the International date line on time zones.

Brainstorming, oral questions and brief discussion on rotational movement of the earth and its effects.

Locate I.D.L. on the globe;
Brief discussion with probing questions.

The globe.
The globe
The globe.
student book

KLB BK I
Pg 17-18
KLB BK I
Pg 18

THE EARTH AND THE SOLAR SYSTEM.

Eclipses.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain occurrence of eclipses.
Differentiate between eclipse of the sun and eclipse of the moon.

Probing questions;
Drawing illustrative diagrams.
Brief discussion.

Charts-
Solar eclipse,
Annular solar eclipse,
Lunar eclipse.

KLB BK I
Pg 20-21

THE EARTH AND THE SOLAR SYSTEM.
WEATHER

The structure of the earth.
Definition and elements of weather. Temperature.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe internal and external structure of the earth.

Expository and descriptive approaches.

Model of the internal earth structure.
student book

KLB BK I
Pg 22-23

WEATHER

Humidity & Precipitation.
Rainfall.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Differentiate between absolute and relative humidity.
Outline factors affecting humidity.
Identify forms of precipitation.

Exposition;
Probing questions;
Brief discussion.

local environment
student book

KLB BK I
Pg 26-27

WEATHER

Clouds.
Atmospheric pressure & winds.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify types of clouds.

Exposition and explanations;
Drawing illustrative diagrams.

school enviroment
illustrative diagram

KLB BK I
Pg 31-32

WEATHER

Weather station.
Measuring temperature.
Measuring rainfall.
Measuring atmospheric pressure.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
List down instruments used in a weather station.
Identify factors taken into account when siting a weather station.

Work out calculations related to rainfall.
Draw graphs showing distribution of rainfall.

Q/A: definition of the term weather;
Brief discussion on elements of weather;
Oral questions & brief discussion;
Visit a weather station.


Simple problem solving.
Drawing graphs for monthly annual rainfall.

weather station
Six?s Maximum & minimum thermometers.
Rainfall charts.
diagram

KLB BK I
Pg 32-33
KLB BK I
Pg 37

WEATHER

Wind direction and intensity.
The atmosphere.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify instruments used to determine wnd direction and intensity.

Oral questions;
Drawing a wind vane and a wind sock;
Brief discussion.

wind vane & wind sock

KLB BK I
Pg 39

WEATHER
MINING

Weather forecasting.
Occurrence of rocks.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Outline the importance of weather forecasting to humankind.

Q/A & brief discussion.

student book

KLB BK I
Pg 41-42

MINING

Exploitation of minerals.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain factors affecting exploitation of minerals.

Probing questions & brief discussion.

student book

KLB BK I
Pg 111-2

MINING

Methods of mining.
Methods of mining. (ontd)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe various methods of mining.

Exposition of new concepts.
Brief discussion.

local environment
pictures

KLB BK I
Pg 112-3

MINING

Types of minerals.
Distribution of minerals in East Africa.
Significance of minerals in Kenya.
Problems of mining in Kenya.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Give examples of metallic, non-metallic and energy minerals.
Outline ways in which Kenya has benefited from exploitation of minerals.

Brief discussion.
Probing questions & brief discussion.

student book
Map of East Africa showing distribution of minerals.
student book
local environment

KLB BK I
Pg 116
KLB BK I
Pg 115

MINING

Effects of mining on the environment.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain adverse effects of mining on the environment.

Q/A & brief open discussion

local environment

KLB BK I
Pg 118-9

MINING

Trona on Lake Magadi.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the occurrence, exploitation and processing of trona on Lake Magadi.

Exposition & descriptive approaches.

Assignment.

Kenyan map

KLB BK I
Pg 120

MINING

Diamond in South Africa.
Gold in South Africa.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe distribution and exploitation of gold and diamond in South Africa.

Exposition & descriptive approaches.

global map, student book

KLB BK I
Pg 121

MINING

Petroleum in the Middle East. -Iraq & Iran

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe oil distribution and exploitation of petroleum in the middle East.

Exposition & descriptive approaches.

Assignment.

global map, student book

KLB BK I
Pg 125

MINING

Petroleum in the Middle East. -Kuwait & Saudi Arabia.
Problems facing petroleum industry.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe oil distribution and exploitation of petroleum in the middle East.


Highlight major problems facing petroleum industry.

Exposition & descriptive approaches.

Assignment.

global map, student book

KLB BK I
Pg 126
KLB BK I
Pg 127

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Earth movements.
Causes of earth movements.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Differentiate between internal and external land forming processes.
Differentiate between crustal compressional and tensional forces.
Explain effects of horizontal earth movements.

Probing questions.
Brief discussion on compression, tension, upwarping, downwarping, and shearing of crustal rocks.
Drawing illustrative diagrams.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK II.

PAGES
1-2

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Results of earth movements.
Theory of Continental Drift.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Identify landforms resulting from earth movements.

Discussion & drawing of illustrative diagrams.

Illustrative diagrams.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
2-3

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

The Plates Tectonic Theory.
Folding.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Explain the Plates Tectonic Theory.

Exposition of the theory & discussion on evidence of the theory.
Drawing diagrams showing meeting of tectonic plates.

Illustrative diagrams.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
5-6

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Types of folds.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Identify types of folds.
Describe various folding processes.

Exposition of types of folds and resulting landforms.

Illustrative diagrams.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
9-11

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Features resulting from folding.
Significance of folding.
Faulting.
Types of faults.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Describe landforms resulting from folding.

Define faulting.
Identify parts associated with a fault.

Discussion & drawing labelled diagrams of landforms.

Q/A: review horizontal and vertical earth movements.
Discussion on parts associated with a fault.

Illustrative diagrams.
Map: World distribution of fold mountains.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK
KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
13-14

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Features resulting from faulting.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Describe landforms resulting from faulting.

Discussion &
Drawing illustrative diagrams.

Illustrative diagrams.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
14-19

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

The Great Rift Valley.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Trace the Great Rift Valley on a map.
Describe parts of the Great Rift Valley.

Case study.
The Afro-Arabian rift system.

Map: The Afro-Arabian rift system.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGE 21

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

The Gregory Rift Valley.
Significance of faulting.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Trace the Gregory Rift Valley on a map.
Describe the parts of the Gregory Rift Valley.

Case study.
The Gregory rift system.

Map / chart: Kenyan?s rift system and the associated highlands.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES 21-22

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Vulcanicity and Earthquakes. Definitions associated with vulcanicity and volcanicity.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Differentiate between vulcanicity and volcanicity.
Differentiate between intrusive and extrusive features.

Exposition of new concepts & brief discussion.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES 24-25

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Intrusive features.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Identify various intrusive features.
Explain formation of various intrusive features.
Illustrate intrusive features with labelled diagrams.

Exposition of new concepts.
Probing questions.
Drawing illustrative diagrams.

Illustrative diagrams.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES 32-34

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Extrusive features.
Types of volcanoes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Identify various extrusive volcanic features.
Illustrate extrusive volcanic features with labelled diagrams.

Give examples of extrusive features in Africa. Discussion.
Assignment.

Pictures in various textbooks.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES 25-27

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Distribution of volcanoes and volcanic features.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Identify volcanic regions in Kenya and in Africa.

Drawing map of Kenya & Africa and showing the distribution of volcanoes and volcanic features.

Maps: Volcanic regions in Kenya, Africa and in the World.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES 30-35

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Positive influences of vulcanicity.
Negative influences of vulcanicity.
Earthquakes. Definitions associated with earthquakes.
Causes of earthquakes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Explain ways in which vulcanicity is beneficial to man.


Give definitions associated with earthquakes.

Q/A and detailed discussion.
Q/A definition of earthquake, shockwaves.
Exposition of new terms:
Seismology, epicentre, focus, tsunamis, tremors.
Drawing relevant diagrams.

Illustrative diagrams.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
35-36
KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGE 37

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Types of earthquakes and waves. Measurement of earthquakes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Describe primary and secondary seismic waves.
Identify scales used to determine the intensity and magnitude of an earthquake.

Brief discussion: primary and secondary waves.
Exposition of basic terms:
Mercalli scale and Richter scale.
Open discussion.

Newspaper extracts on intensity and magnitude of earthquakes.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES 38-39

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Effects of earthquakes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Outline effects of earthquakes & tremors.

Q/A and brief discussion.

Newspaper cuttings outlining effects of earthquakes.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
40-41

MAP WORK

Direction and Bearing. Methods of showing direction.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:


Distinguish between direction and bearing.

Outline some traditional and modern methods of showing direction.

Q/A and brief discussion.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
42-43

MAP WORK

Compass Bearing.
True Bearing.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Define bearing of a point.
Determine the compass bearings of given points on a map.

Diagram of 16 points of the compass.
Oral exercise.

Pair of compasses & protractors.
Pair of compasses protractors.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
43-44

MAP WORK

Calculation of grid bearing.
Determination of magnetic bearing.
Locating places using latitudes and longitudes.
Locating places using four- figure grid references.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Find the grid bearing of a point from another point.

Locate position of places using latitude and longitudes.

Exposition.
Class exercise.
Exercise: locating position of places using latitude and longitudes.

Pair of compasses protractors.
Topographical maps.
Chart: grid reference system.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
44-45
KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
46-47

MAP WORK

Locating places using six-figure grid references.
Representing relief using spot heights and trigonometric stations.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Give the six-figure grid reference of points on map.

Q/A: identifying eastings and northings.
Guided exercise.
Assignment.

Chart: grid reference system.
Atlases or topographical maps.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK P 49

MAP WORK

Contours and forms lines.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Define contours and forms lines.
Identify Contours and forms lines

Exposition: new terms.
Q/A: Contour interval, vertical height.
Exercise: estimating height-using contours.

Topographical maps.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
50-51

MAP WORK

Methods of representing relief.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Explain use of pictorials, hachures, hill shading and layer tinting to represent relief.
State advantages and disadvantages of each method.

Exposition, Q/A and brief discussions.
Assignment.

Textbooks pictures.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
53