Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Introduction to Physics - Meaning of Physics

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain Physics as a body of knowledge in science
- Outline how Physics studies matter and energy
- Relate Physics to real-life examples like vehicles, heating or lighting

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Work with others to search for the meaning of Physics as a branch of science
- Discuss the meaning of Physics in groups
- Share findings with the class

How is Physics relevant in day-to-day life?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 1
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Reference books

- Observation - Oral questions - Group discussions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Introduction to Physics - Branches of Physics
Introduction to Physics - Importance of Physics

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the main branches of Physics
- Identify areas of study in each branch
- Relate Physics branches to real-world applications like mechanics and electricity

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss with peers the main branches of Physics
- Identify what each branch deals with
- Share findings on branches of Physics with the class

How is Physics relevant in day-to-day life?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 2
- Charts showing branches of Physics
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 3
- Reference books
- Real-life examples

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Introduction to Physics - Relationship to other fields
Introduction to Physics - Career opportunities
Introduction to Physics - Career charts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Relate Physics to other fields of study
- Explain how Physics connects with Chemistry, Biology and Engineering
- Appreciate how Physics supports other disciplines

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss with peers the relationship of Physics with other fields of study
- Identify specific connections between Physics and other subjects
- Present findings to the class

How is Physics relevant in day-to-day life?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 4
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 6
- Resource persons
- Career charts
- Manila paper
- Marker pens
- Colored pencils

- Oral questions - Written tests - Observation

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Pressure - Atmospheric pressure
Pressure - Existence of atmospheric pressure
Pressure - Factors affecting pressure

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe atmospheric pressure as used in Physics
- Explain how air exerts pressure
- Relate atmospheric pressure to weather and daily life

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss with peers the meaning of atmospheric pressure
- Share examples of atmospheric pressure effects
- Record findings in exercise books

How do density of fluid, acceleration due to gravity and depth affect pressure?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 8-9
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Charts
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 9-12
- Syringes
- Metal cans
- Drinking glasses
- Cardboard
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 12-16
- Plastic bottles
- Water
- Nails
- Measuring tape

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Pressure - Application of P=ρgh

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Apply the equation P=ρgh to determine pressure in fluids
- Calculate pressure at different depths
- Solve numerical problems on pressure

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out experiments to derive the equation P=ρgh
- Use the equation to solve problems
- Discuss the relationship between pressure, density and depth

How do density of fluid, acceleration due to gravity and depth affect pressure?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 16-18
- Calculator
- Exercise books
- Reference books

- Written tests - Problem solving - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Pressure - Gas pressure

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain pressure due to gases
- Investigate factors affecting gas pressure
- Relate gas pressure to temperature and volume

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out activities to investigate pressure due to gases
- Discuss factors affecting gas pressure
- Observe demonstrations of gas pressure

How do density of fluid, acceleration due to gravity and depth affect pressure?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 18-19
- Balloons
- Syringes
- U-tubes
- Weights

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Pressure - Pascal's Principle
Pressure - Applications of atmospheric pressure

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate transmission of pressure in fluids
- Explain Pascal's Principle
- Relate pressure transmission to hydraulic systems

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Demonstrate the principle of transmission of pressure in fluids using syringes
- Discuss Pascal's Principle
- Record observations

How do density of fluid, acceleration due to gravity and depth affect pressure?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 19-22
- Syringes
- Rubber tubing
- Water
- Masses
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 22-24
- Drinking straws
- Long tubes
- Water containers
- Glasses

- Practical assessment - Written tests - Observation

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Pressure - Bicycle pump

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how a bicycle pump works
- Describe the role of valves in pumps
- Relate bicycle pumps to pressure principles

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study pictures of bicycle pumps
- Discuss how atmospheric pressure helps pump air
- Explain the working principle

How do density of fluid, acceleration due to gravity and depth affect pressure?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 24
- Bicycle pump
- Pictures
- Digital devices

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Pressure - Hydraulic press and lift

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how hydraulic machines work
- Calculate forces in hydraulic systems
- Appreciate hydraulic machines in lifting heavy loads

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use digital devices to search for information on hydraulic machines
- Discuss the working principle
- Solve numerical problems

How do density of fluid, acceleration due to gravity and depth affect pressure?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 24-26
- Digital devices
- Pictures of hydraulic lifts
- Reference books

- Written tests - Oral questions - Problem solving

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Pressure - Hydraulic brake system

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how hydraulic brakes work
- Describe the importance of brake fluid
- Appreciate safety in vehicles through proper braking

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Visit a nearby garage and observe the braking system
- Discuss with resource persons how brakes work
- Draw and label the hydraulic brake system

How do density of fluid, acceleration due to gravity and depth affect pressure?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 26-28
- Resource persons
- Pictures of brake systems
- Digital devices

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Pressure - Lift and force pumps
Pressure - Review of concepts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe water pumping mechanisms
- Explain the working of lift and force pumps
- Compare lift pumps and force pumps

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use digital devices to search for information on water pumping
- Discuss the working of lift and force pumps
- Draw and label pump diagrams

How do density of fluid, acceleration due to gravity and depth affect pressure?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 28-30
- Digital devices
- Pump diagrams
- Reference books
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 30
- Exercise books
- Calculators
- Past papers

- Written tests - Oral questions - Drawings

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Mechanical Properties - Introduction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain mechanical properties of materials
- Identify different properties like ductility and malleability
- Relate properties to material selection

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss with peers the mechanical properties of locally available materials
- Examine different materials
- Record observations

Why is it important to study mechanical properties of materials?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 31-32
- Various materials (paper, chalk, metal)
- Reference books

- Observation - Oral questions - Group discussions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Mechanical Properties - Ductility and malleability

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate ductility in materials
- Demonstrate malleability in materials
- Appreciate these properties in wire and sheet making

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out activities to demonstrate ductility by stretching wires
- Demonstrate malleability by hammering metals
- Compare different materials

Why is it important to study mechanical properties of materials?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 32-34
- Copper wire
- Aluminum foil
- Hammer
- Safety goggles

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Mechanical Properties - Elasticity and brittleness
Mechanical Properties - Other properties

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate elasticity in materials
- Demonstrate brittleness in materials
- Relate these properties to real-life applications

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out activities to demonstrate elasticity using rubber bands
- Demonstrate brittleness using chalk
- Discuss observations

Why is it important to study mechanical properties of materials?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 34-36
- Rubber bands
- Springs
- Chalk
- Glass pieces
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 36-38
- Various materials
- Nails
- Wooden blocks
- Metal pieces

- Practical assessment - Oral questions - Observation

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Mechanical Properties - Stress and strain

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define tensile stress and strain
- Calculate stress and strain using formulas
- Solve numerical problems

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss the meaning of tensile stress and strain
- Use mathematical formulae: Stress=F/A, Strain=ΔL/Lo
- Solve numerical problems

Why does a string snap easily compared to a spring?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 38-40
- Calculator
- Exercise books
- Reference books

- Written tests - Problem solving - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Mechanical Properties - Elasticity and Hooke's Law

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain Hooke's Law
- Verify Hooke's Law experimentally
- Relate extension to applied force

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out activities to demonstrate Hooke's Law using springs
- Plot graphs of force against extension
- Determine spring constant

Why does a string snap easily compared to a spring?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 40-42
- Springs
- Masses
- Ruler
- Retort stand

- Practical assessment - Graph plotting - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Mechanical Properties - Hooke's Law experiments
Mechanical Properties - Young's Modulus

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Verify Hooke's Law through experiments
- Determine the elastic limit
- Calculate spring constant from graphs

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out experiments to verify Hooke's Law
- Record data in tables
- Plot and analyze graphs

Why does a string snap easily compared to a spring?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 42-45
- Springs
- Masses (50g each)
- Graph paper
- Ruler
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 45-48
- Wires
- Masses
- Micrometer screw gauge
- Calculator

- Practical assessment - Data analysis - Written reports

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Mechanical Properties - Applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe applications of mechanical properties
- Relate properties to construction and manufacturing
- Appreciate material selection in engineering

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use print/non-print media to search for applications
- Discuss applications in groups
- Present findings to the class

Why is it important to study mechanical properties of materials?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 48-49
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Charts

- Oral questions - Presentations - Written assignments

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Mechanical Properties - Review

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Solve problems on mechanical properties
- Apply concepts to real situations
- Demonstrate understanding of stress, strain and elasticity

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Solve numerical problems
- Answer revision questions
- Discuss challenging concepts

Why is it important to study mechanical properties of materials?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 49
- Exercise books
- Calculators
- Past papers

- Written tests - Problem solving - Self-assessment

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Temperature
Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Liquid in glass thermometers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of temperature
- Identify units of temperature (Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin)
- Relate temperature to hotness and coldness

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss with peers the meaning of temperature
- Place hands in warm and cold water to feel temperature differences
- Record observations

Why does a glass bottle break when water in it freezes?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 51-52
- Beakers
- Water (hot, cold, room temperature)
- Thermometers
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 52-56
- Mercury thermometer
- Alcohol thermometer
- Beaker
- Hot water

- Observation - Oral questions - Practical activities

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Bimetallic thermometers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how bimetallic devices work
- Demonstrate bimetallic strip operation
- Relate bimetallic strips to thermostats

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Construct a simple bimetallic strip
- Heat the strip and observe bending
- Discuss applications in thermostats

Why does a glass bottle break when water in it freezes?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 56-58
- Metal strips (copper, steel)
- Heat source
- Ruler
- Protractor

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Electronic temperature devices

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how thermocouples work
- Describe resistive temperature devices
- Appreciate modern temperature measurement

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use print/non-print media to search for information on thermocouples and RTDs
- Discuss how they measure temperature
- Present findings

Why does a glass bottle break when water in it freezes?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 58-61
- Digital devices
- Pictures of thermocouples
- Reference books

- Oral questions - Presentations - Written assignments

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Infrared radiators

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how infrared thermometers work
- Use infrared thermometer to measure temperature
- Appreciate non-contact temperature measurement

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Take turns using infrared thermometer to measure forehead temperature
- Compare readings
- Discuss applications

Why does a glass bottle break when water in it freezes?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 61-62
- Infrared thermometer
- Digital devices
- Reference books

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Expansion in solids
Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Linear expansivity of metals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate thermal expansion in solids
- Demonstrate expansion using ball and ring experiment
- Appreciate expansion effects on structures

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out activities to demonstrate thermal expansion (metal bar and gauge, ball and ring)
- Observe expansion when heated
- Discuss observations

Why is the lid of a sufuria made wider?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 63-65
- Metal bar
- Ball and ring
- Heat source
- Tongs
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 65-67
- Metal rods (copper, iron, aluminum)
- Pointer
- Ruler

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Bimetallic applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe how bimetallic strips work
- Explain applications in thermostats and fire alarms
- Appreciate use in electrical devices

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Demonstrate bending of bimetallic strips when heated
- Discuss applications in thermostats
- Explain use in electrical appliances

Why is the lid of a sufuria made wider?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 67
- Bimetallic strips
- Heat source
- Pictures of thermostats
- Digital devices

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Expansion in liquids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate thermal expansion in liquids
- Demonstrate liquid expansion using flask and tube
- Explain why glass breaks with sudden temperature changes

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out activities to demonstrate thermal expansion in liquids
- Heat colored water in flask with tube
- Observe liquid level changes

Why does a glass bottle break when water in it freezes?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 67-68
- Round-bottom flask
- Glass tube
- Colored water
- Heat source

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Unusual expansion of water
Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Gas expansion

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain anomalous expansion of water
- Investigate water behavior from 0°C to 4°C
- Relate anomalous expansion to ice formation and aquatic life

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out activities to demonstrate anomalous expansion of water
- Plot graph of water level against temperature
- Discuss importance to aquatic life

Why does a glass bottle break when water in it freezes?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 68-70
- Ice
- Thermometer
- Flask and tube
- Graph paper
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 70
- Plastic bottle
- Balloon
- Hot water

- Practical assessment - Graph plotting - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Applications in pipes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe expansion joints in steam pipes
- Explain why expansion gaps are needed
- Appreciate thermal expansion considerations in engineering

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use print/non-print media to search for applications of thermal expansion
- Discuss expansion joints in pipes
- Present findings

Why is the lid of a sufuria made wider?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 71-72
- Digital devices
- Pictures of expansion joints
- Reference books

- Presentations - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Applications in construction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain expansion gaps in railway lines
- Describe thermal expansion in steel bridges
- Appreciate expansion considerations in construction

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss expansion gaps in railway lines
- Explain bridge design with rollers
- Use digital media to view examples

Why is the lid of a sufuria made wider?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 72
- Digital devices
- Pictures of railway lines
- Pictures of bridges

- Oral questions - Written tests - Observation

Mechanics and Thermal Physics
Waves and Optics
Waves and Optics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - More applications
Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Terminologies used in radioactivity
Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Types and properties of alpha, beta and gamma radiations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain slack in overhead wires
- Describe thermostats in electrical devices
- Appreciate thermal expansion in everyday devices

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss thermal expansion in electrical wires
- Explain how thermostats work
- Relate to electrical appliances

Why is the lid of a sufuria made wider?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 73-74
- Digital devices
- Pictures of thermostats
- Reference books
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 169
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Periodic table
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 171
- Property cards
- Manila paper
- Markers

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Presentations

Waves and Optics

Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Behaviour of radiations in electric and magnetic fields
Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Nuclear equations showing how radionuclides attain stability

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe how alpha, beta and gamma radiations behave in electric and magnetic fields
- Draw diagrams showing deflection of radiations in fields
- Connect radiation deflection to particle accelerators and mass spectrometers

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Draw bar charts comparing penetrating power and ionising effects
- Draw diagrams showing deflection in electric and magnetic fields
- Discuss why gamma rays are not deflected
- Present charts to class for peer learning

Why are alpha and beta particles deflected in opposite directions in electric and magnetic fields?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 173
- Manila paper
- Coloured pencils
- Rulers
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 175
- Periodic table
- Chart of nuclides
- Exercise books

- Practical assessment - Written assignments - Observation

Waves and Optics

Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Decay series and chain reactions
Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Safety precautions in handling and disposing of radioactive substances
Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Detection of radioactive emissions using photographic plates and electroscopes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain decay series as a sequence of radioactive decays
- Trace the uranium-238 decay series to lead-206
- Connect decay series to geological dating of rocks and minerals

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Observe and copy the Uranium-238 decay chart
- Identify radioactive emissions at each stage
- Write nuclear equations for decay steps in the series
- Present findings on decay series to class

Why does uranium-238 undergo multiple decays before becoming stable lead-206?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 178
- Uranium-238 decay chart
- Periodic table
- Exercise books
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 179
- Digital devices
- Manila paper
- Markers
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 180
- Photographic plates
- Electroscope materials
- Radioactive source

- Written assignments - Oral questions - Observation

Waves and Optics

Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Detection using Geiger-Muller counter and cloud chamber
Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Half-life and decay curves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the working principle of a Geiger-Muller counter
- Explain how cloud chambers make radiation tracks visible
- Connect radiation detectors to nuclear safety monitoring and scientific research

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Research how Geiger-Muller counter and cloud chamber work
- Identify characteristics of tracks from alpha, beta and gamma radiations
- Discuss advantages and limitations of each detection method
- Present findings on detection methods

How does a Geiger-Muller counter convert radiation into measurable signals?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 183
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Manila paper
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 185
- Burette
- Stopwatch
- Beaker
- Graph paper

- Written assignments - Oral questions - Observation

Waves and Optics
Electricity and Magnetism

Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Nuclear fission, fusion and applications of radioactivity
Electrostatics - Origin of charges in a material

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Differentiate between nuclear fission and nuclear fusion
- Write nuclear equations for fission and fusion reactions
- Connect nuclear reactions to power generation, medical imaging and cancer treatment

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Study pictures of nuclear fission reactions
- Discuss chain reactions and their control in nuclear reactors
- Research applications of radioactivity in medicine, industry and agriculture
- Present findings on applications to class

How do nuclear power plants harness fission energy while preventing uncontrolled chain reactions?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 189
- Digital devices
- Pictures of nuclear reactions
- Reference books
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 194
- Balloons
- Woollen cloth
- Small pieces of paper

- Written assignments - Oral questions - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism

Electrostatics - Electric field patterns around charges
Electrostatics - Law of electrostatics
Electrostatics - Charging by friction and contact methods

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define an electric field and describe its properties
- Draw electric field patterns for isolated and interacting charges
- Connect electric fields to how lightning rods protect buildings

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Discuss the meaning of electric field and its properties
- Draw field patterns for isolated positive and negative charges
- Draw field patterns between like and unlike charges
- Draw field patterns between charged plates

Why do electric field lines never cross each other?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 196
- Manila paper
- Coloured pencils
- Rulers
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 199
- Plastic rulers
- Glass rod
- Silk cloth
- Woollen cloth
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 200
- Plastic pen
- Dry woollen cloth
- Polystyrene ball
- Glass rod

- Written assignments - Oral questions - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism

Electrostatics - Charging by induction and separation methods
Electrostatics - Charge distribution on conductors of various shapes
Electrostatics - Functions of various parts of an electroscope

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain charging by induction and separation methods
- Demonstrate charging without direct contact
- Connect charging by induction to electrostatic spray painting in industries

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Bring charged polythene rod near insulated metal ball without touching
- Earth the metal ball while charged rod is near, then remove earthing
- Demonstrate charging by separation using two touching metal balls
- Sketch charge distribution during induction process

Why does the charge acquired by induction have opposite sign to the charging rod?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 203
- Polythene rod
- Metal balls on insulated stands
- Connecting wire
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 205
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Manila paper
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 207
- Gold leaf electroscope
- Paper clips
- Aluminium foil
- Plastic container

- Practical assessment - Oral questions - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism

Electrostatics - Charging an electroscope by contact and induction
Electrostatics - Uses of a leaf electroscope

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe how to charge an electroscope by contact and induction
- Demonstrate charging and discharging an electroscope
- Connect electroscope charging to understanding how photocopiers transfer toner to paper

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Touch charged polythene rod to metallic cap and observe leaf divergence
- Discharge electroscope by touching cap and observe leaf collapse
- Charge electroscope by induction using charged rod and earthing
- Compare charges acquired by contact and induction methods

Why does the electroscope leaf diverge when the cap is touched by a charged object?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 208
- Gold leaf electroscope
- Polythene rod
- Glass rod
- Silk and woollen cloth
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 210
- Various charged objects
- Different materials for testing

- Practical assessment - Oral questions - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism

Electrostatics - Applications of electrostatics in day-to-day life
Current Electricity - Terminologies used in current electricity

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe applications of electrostatics in various fields
- Explain safety measures against electrostatic hazards
- Connect electrostatics to spray painting, photocopiers, air purifiers and lightning protection

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Research applications of electrostatics using digital devices
- Discuss spray guns, photocopiers, fingerprinting and electrostatic precipitators
- Discuss lightning formation and safety measures during thunderstorms
- Present findings on applications and safety to class

How do electrostatic precipitators help reduce air pollution from factory emissions?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 212
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Manila paper
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 213
- Writing materials

- Written assignments - Oral questions - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism

Current Electricity - Relationship between potential difference and current through a conductor
Current Electricity - Ohm's Law and electrical resistance

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate the relationship between potential difference and current
- Verify Ohm's Law experimentally
- Connect Ohm's Law to understanding why thicker wires carry more current in house wiring

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Set up circuit with nichrome wire, ammeter, voltmeter and variable resistor
- Adjust voltage and record corresponding current readings
- Plot voltage against current graph
- Determine resistance from gradient of graph

What happens to current when potential difference across a conductor is doubled?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 214
- Nichrome wire
- Ammeter
- Voltmeter
- Variable resistor
- Dry cells
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 216
- Graph paper
- Calculators
- Exercise books

- Practical assessment - Written assignments - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism

Current Electricity - Ohmic and non-ohmic resistors
Current Electricity - Effect of length on resistance of conductors
Current Electricity - Effect of cross-sectional area on resistance

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Distinguish between ohmic and non-ohmic resistors
- Draw current-voltage graphs for ohmic and non-ohmic conductors
- Connect non-ohmic behaviour to filament bulbs dimming when voltage drops

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Set up circuit with carbon resistor and record current-voltage readings
- Replace with filament bulb and record readings
- Plot I-V graphs for both and compare shapes
- Discuss why filament bulb resistance changes with temperature

Why does a filament bulb's resistance increase as it gets hotter?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 217
- Carbon resistor
- Filament bulb
- Ammeter
- Voltmeter
- Dry cells
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 219
- Nichrome wire (100 cm)
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 221
- Nichrome wires of different diameters

- Practical assessment - Written assignments - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism

Current Electricity - Effect of material type and temperature on resistance
Current Electricity - Relationship between e.m.f., voltage, current, resistance and internal resistance
Current Electricity - Types of resistors and resistor networks

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate how material type and temperature affect resistance
- Define and use resistivity in calculations
- Connect material properties to why copper is preferred for electrical wiring over nichrome

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Compare resistance of nichrome and copper wires of same dimensions
- Heat nichrome wire and measure resistance change
- Discuss resistivity values of different materials
- Calculate resistance using R = ρl/A

Why does the resistance of metals increase when they are heated?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 222
- Nichrome and copper wires
- Hot water
- Ammeter
- Voltmeter
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 225
- Dry cell
- Voltmeter
- Variable resistor
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 227
- Various resistors
- Circuit symbol charts
- Exercise books

- Practical assessment - Written assignments - Oral questions

Electricity and Magnetism

Current Electricity - Measurement of resistance using resistor colour codes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Read resistance values from colour coded resistors
- Calculate resistance and tolerance from colour bands
- Connect colour coding to identifying resistor values when repairing electronic devices

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Study resistor colour code chart
- Observe colour bands on fixed carbon resistors
- Calculate resistance values using colour codes
- Verify calculated values using digital multimeter

How do the colour bands on a resistor indicate its resistance value and tolerance?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 228
- Fixed carbon resistors
- Colour code chart
- Digital multimeter

- Practical assessment - Written assignments - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism

Current Electricity - Measurement of resistance using ammeter-voltmeter and Wheatstone bridge

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Measure resistance using ammeter-voltmeter method
- Explain the working principle of Wheatstone bridge
- Connect Wheatstone bridge to precision measurements in laboratory instruments

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Set up circuit to measure resistance using ammeter-voltmeter method
- Calculate resistance using R = V/I
- Set up Wheatstone bridge and balance it for zero deflection
- Calculate unknown resistance using bridge formula

Why is the Wheatstone bridge more accurate than the ammeter-voltmeter method?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 231
- Ammeter
- Voltmeter
- Wheatstone bridge
- Galvanometer

- Practical assessment - Written assignments - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism

Current Electricity - Measurement of resistance using metre bridge

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the metre bridge as a practical form of Wheatstone bridge
- Use metre bridge to determine unknown resistance
- Connect metre bridge principle to strain gauges used in weighing scales

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Set up metre bridge circuit with known and unknown resistors
- Slide jockey along wire until galvanometer shows zero deflection
- Record balance lengths and calculate unknown resistance
- Compare calculated values with standard values

How does the metre bridge use the principle of balanced ratios to measure resistance?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 233
- Metre bridge
- Known resistor
- Unknown resistor
- Galvanometer

- Practical assessment - Written assignments - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism

Current Electricity - Effective resistance of resistors in series
Current Electricity - Effective resistance of resistors in parallel

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Derive formula for effective resistance of resistors in series
- Calculate total resistance and voltage drops in series circuits
- Connect series circuits to Christmas lights where one faulty bulb affects all others

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Connect resistors in series with ammeter and voltmeters
- Measure total voltage and individual voltage drops
- Verify that R_total = R₁ + R₂ + R₃
- Solve numerical problems on series resistor networks

Why does adding more resistors in series increase the total resistance of a circuit?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 234
- Resistors
- Ammeter
- Voltmeters
- Dry cells
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 237

- Practical assessment - Written assignments - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism

Current Electricity - Relationship between voltage, current and power in heating effect

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Derive and apply P = VI, P = I²R and H = I²Rt
- Calculate electrical power and energy consumed
- Connect heating effect to electric kettles, heaters and toasters in homes

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Set up circuit with resistor, ammeter and voltmeter
- Record voltage and current at different settings
- Calculate power using P = VI
- Derive Joule's law of electrical heating H = I²Rt

How does the resistance of a heating element affect the amount of heat produced?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 241
- Resistor
- Ammeter
- Voltmeter
- Rheostat

- Written assignments - Oral questions - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism

Current Electricity - Applications of the heating effect of electric current
Introduction to Electronics - Meaning of insulators, conductors, semiconductors and superconductors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe applications of electrical heating in various devices
- Explain the role of fuses in circuit protection
- Connect heating applications to cooking appliances, lighting and industrial furnaces

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Research applications of heating effect in cooking appliances, lighting and circuit protection
- Discuss how fuses and circuit breakers protect circuits
- Compare ohmic devices (heaters) and non-ohmic devices (filament bulbs)
- Present findings on applications to class

How do fuses use the heating effect of current to protect electrical circuits?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 245
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Various electrical appliances
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 248
- Simple circuit
- Various materials (copper, iron, wood, plastic, silicon)
- Bulb

- Written assignments - Oral questions - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism

Introduction to Electronics - Distinguishing materials using energy band theory
Introduction to Electronics - Electrical behaviour of conductors with varying temperatures
Introduction to Electronics - Electrical behaviour of insulators with varying temperatures

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain energy band theory and band gaps
- Draw energy band diagrams for conductors, semiconductors and insulators
- Connect band gaps to why LEDs emit light of specific colours

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Draw rectangles showing valence and conduction bands for conductors
- Draw band diagrams for semiconductors with small band gap
- Draw band diagrams for insulators with large band gap
- Compare and classify materials based on band structure

How does the size of the energy gap determine whether a material conducts electricity?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 250
- Manila paper
- Coloured pencils
- Markers
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 253
- Copper wire
- Ammeter
- Voltmeter
- Hot water
- Ice cubes
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 254
- Glass rod
- Light bulb
- Dry cells

- Written assignments - Oral questions - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism

Introduction to Electronics - Electrical behaviour of semiconductors with varying temperatures
Introduction to Electronics - Intrinsic semiconductors
Introduction to Electronics - Extrinsic semiconductors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate how temperature affects resistance of semiconductors
- Explain why semiconductor resistance decreases with temperature
- Connect semiconductor behaviour to thermistors used in temperature sensors and fire alarms

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Set up circuit with thermistor, ammeter and voltmeter
- Measure resistance at room temperature
- Heat thermistor in hot water and measure resistance
- Cool thermistor in ice water and compare values

Why does the resistance of a thermistor decrease when temperature increases?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 255
- Thermistor
- Ammeter
- Voltmeter
- Hot water
- Ice cubes
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 257
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Writing materials
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 258
- Periodic table

- Practical assessment - Written assignments - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism

Introduction to Electronics - Formation of n-type semiconductors
Introduction to Electronics - Formation of p-type semiconductors
Introduction to Electronics - Applications of conductors, semiconductors, insulators and superconductors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain formation of n-type semiconductors through doping
- Draw diagrams showing electron distribution in n-type materials
- Connect n-type semiconductors to one half of diodes and transistors used in phones

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Research formation of n-type semiconductors
- Discuss addition of group V elements (phosphorus, arsenic)
- Draw silicon lattice doped with phosphorus showing free electron
- Identify electrons as majority charge carriers

Why are group V elements used to create n-type semiconductors?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 259
- Digital devices
- Manila paper
- Coloured pencils
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 260
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 261
- Reference books
- Manila paper

- Written assignments - Oral questions - Observation