Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Introduction to Physics - Meaning of Physics

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain Physics as a body of knowledge in science
- Outline how Physics studies matter and energy
- Relate Physics to real-life examples like vehicles, heating or lighting

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Work with others to search for the meaning of Physics as a branch of science
- Discuss the meaning of Physics in groups
- Share findings with the class

How is Physics relevant in day-to-day life?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 1
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Reference books

- Observation - Oral questions - Group discussions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Introduction to Physics - Branches of Physics
Introduction to Physics - Importance of Physics
Introduction to Physics - Relationship to other fields

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the main branches of Physics
- Identify areas of study in each branch
- Relate Physics branches to real-world applications like mechanics and electricity

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss with peers the main branches of Physics
- Identify what each branch deals with
- Share findings on branches of Physics with the class

How is Physics relevant in day-to-day life?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 2
- Charts showing branches of Physics
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 3
- Reference books
- Real-life examples
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 4

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Introduction to Physics - Career opportunities
Introduction to Physics - Career charts
Pressure - Atmospheric pressure

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify possible career opportunities in Physics
- Describe job roles related to Physics
- Relate Physics knowledge to careers like engineering and research

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Engage resource person(s) or use print/non-print media to search for career opportunities in Physics
- Discuss career opportunities in groups
- Take notes on findings

How is Physics relevant in day-to-day life?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 6
- Digital devices
- Resource persons
- Career charts
- Manila paper
- Marker pens
- Colored pencils
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 8-9
- Reference books
- Charts

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Pressure - Existence of atmospheric pressure
Pressure - Factors affecting pressure
Pressure - Application of P=ρgh

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate the existence of atmospheric pressure
- Carry out activities showing atmospheric pressure
- Appreciate how atmospheric pressure affects our environment

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out activities to demonstrate the existence of atmospheric pressure (syringe, crushed can, water in glass)
- Observe and record results
- Discuss findings in groups

How do density of fluid, acceleration due to gravity and depth affect pressure?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 9-12
- Syringes
- Metal cans
- Drinking glasses
- Cardboard
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 12-16
- Plastic bottles
- Water
- Nails
- Measuring tape
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 16-18
- Calculator
- Exercise books
- Reference books

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Pressure - Gas pressure
Pressure - Pascal's Principle
Pressure - Applications of atmospheric pressure

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain pressure due to gases
- Investigate factors affecting gas pressure
- Relate gas pressure to temperature and volume

- Demonstrate transmission of pressure in fluids
- Explain Pascal's Principle
- Relate pressure transmission to hydraulic systems

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out activities to investigate pressure due to gases
- Discuss factors affecting gas pressure
- Observe demonstrations of gas pressure
- Demonstrate the principle of transmission of pressure in fluids using syringes
- Discuss Pascal's Principle
- Record observations

How do density of fluid, acceleration due to gravity and depth affect pressure?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 18-19
- Balloons
- Syringes
- U-tubes
- Weights
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 19-22
- Syringes
- Rubber tubing
- Water
- Masses
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 22-24
- Drinking straws
- Long tubes
- Water containers
- Glasses

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions
- Practical assessment - Written tests - Observation

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Pressure - Bicycle pump

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how a bicycle pump works
- Describe the role of valves in pumps
- Relate bicycle pumps to pressure principles

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study pictures of bicycle pumps
- Discuss how atmospheric pressure helps pump air
- Explain the working principle

How do density of fluid, acceleration due to gravity and depth affect pressure?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 24
- Bicycle pump
- Pictures
- Digital devices

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Pressure - Hydraulic press and lift
Pressure - Hydraulic brake system

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how hydraulic machines work
- Calculate forces in hydraulic systems
- Appreciate hydraulic machines in lifting heavy loads

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use digital devices to search for information on hydraulic machines
- Discuss the working principle
- Solve numerical problems

How do density of fluid, acceleration due to gravity and depth affect pressure?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 24-26
- Digital devices
- Pictures of hydraulic lifts
- Reference books
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 26-28
- Resource persons
- Pictures of brake systems

- Written tests - Oral questions - Problem solving

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Pressure - Lift and force pumps
Pressure - Review of concepts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe water pumping mechanisms
- Explain the working of lift and force pumps
- Compare lift pumps and force pumps

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use digital devices to search for information on water pumping
- Discuss the working of lift and force pumps
- Draw and label pump diagrams

How do density of fluid, acceleration due to gravity and depth affect pressure?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 28-30
- Digital devices
- Pump diagrams
- Reference books
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 30
- Exercise books
- Calculators
- Past papers

- Written tests - Oral questions - Drawings

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Mechanical Properties - Introduction
Mechanical Properties - Ductility and malleability
Mechanical Properties - Elasticity and brittleness

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain mechanical properties of materials
- Identify different properties like ductility and malleability
- Relate properties to material selection

- Demonstrate ductility in materials
- Demonstrate malleability in materials
- Appreciate these properties in wire and sheet making

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss with peers the mechanical properties of locally available materials
- Examine different materials
- Record observations
- Carry out activities to demonstrate ductility by stretching wires
- Demonstrate malleability by hammering metals
- Compare different materials

Why is it important to study mechanical properties of materials?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 31-32
- Various materials (paper, chalk, metal)
- Reference books
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 32-34
- Copper wire
- Aluminum foil
- Hammer
- Safety goggles
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 34-36
- Rubber bands
- Springs
- Chalk
- Glass pieces

- Observation - Oral questions - Group discussions
- Practical assessment - Observation - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Mechanical Properties - Other properties

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain strength, hardness and stiffness
- Demonstrate these properties using materials
- Appreciate importance in construction and engineering

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out activities to demonstrate strength, hardness and stiffness
- Compare different materials
- Discuss applications

Why is it important to study mechanical properties of materials?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 36-38
- Various materials
- Nails
- Wooden blocks
- Metal pieces

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Mechanical Properties - Stress and strain
Mechanical Properties - Elasticity and Hooke's Law

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define tensile stress and strain
- Calculate stress and strain using formulas
- Solve numerical problems

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss the meaning of tensile stress and strain
- Use mathematical formulae: Stress=F/A, Strain=ΔL/Lo
- Solve numerical problems

Why does a string snap easily compared to a spring?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 38-40
- Calculator
- Exercise books
- Reference books
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 40-42
- Springs
- Masses
- Ruler
- Retort stand

- Written tests - Problem solving - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Mechanical Properties - Hooke's Law experiments
Mechanical Properties - Young's Modulus

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Verify Hooke's Law through experiments
- Determine the elastic limit
- Calculate spring constant from graphs

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out experiments to verify Hooke's Law
- Record data in tables
- Plot and analyze graphs

Why does a string snap easily compared to a spring?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 42-45
- Springs
- Masses (50g each)
- Graph paper
- Ruler
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 45-48
- Wires
- Masses
- Micrometer screw gauge
- Calculator

- Practical assessment - Data analysis - Written reports

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Mechanical Properties - Applications
Mechanical Properties - Review
Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Temperature

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe applications of mechanical properties
- Relate properties to construction and manufacturing
- Appreciate material selection in engineering

- Solve problems on mechanical properties
- Apply concepts to real situations
- Demonstrate understanding of stress, strain and elasticity

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use print/non-print media to search for applications
- Discuss applications in groups
- Present findings to the class
- Solve numerical problems
- Answer revision questions
- Discuss challenging concepts

Why is it important to study mechanical properties of materials?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 48-49
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Charts
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 49
- Exercise books
- Calculators
- Past papers
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 51-52
- Beakers
- Water (hot, cold, room temperature)
- Thermometers

- Oral questions - Presentations - Written assignments
- Written tests - Problem solving - Self-assessment

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Liquid in glass thermometers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe liquid expansion devices
- Explain how mercury and alcohol thermometers work
- Compare properties of thermometric liquids

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out activities to measure temperature using mercury and alcohol thermometers
- Observe liquid expansion in thermometers
- Compare the two thermometers

Why does a glass bottle break when water in it freezes?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 52-56
- Mercury thermometer
- Alcohol thermometer
- Beaker
- Hot water

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Bimetallic thermometers
Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Electronic temperature devices

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how bimetallic devices work
- Demonstrate bimetallic strip operation
- Relate bimetallic strips to thermostats

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Construct a simple bimetallic strip
- Heat the strip and observe bending
- Discuss applications in thermostats

Why does a glass bottle break when water in it freezes?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 56-58
- Metal strips (copper, steel)
- Heat source
- Ruler
- Protractor
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 58-61
- Digital devices
- Pictures of thermocouples
- Reference books

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Infrared radiators

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how infrared thermometers work
- Use infrared thermometer to measure temperature
- Appreciate non-contact temperature measurement

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Take turns using infrared thermometer to measure forehead temperature
- Compare readings
- Discuss applications

Why does a glass bottle break when water in it freezes?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 61-62
- Infrared thermometer
- Digital devices
- Reference books

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Expansion in solids
Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Linear expansivity of metals
Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Bimetallic applications
Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Expansion in liquids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate thermal expansion in solids
- Demonstrate expansion using ball and ring experiment
- Appreciate expansion effects on structures

- Describe how bimetallic strips work
- Explain applications in thermostats and fire alarms
- Appreciate use in electrical devices

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out activities to demonstrate thermal expansion (metal bar and gauge, ball and ring)
- Observe expansion when heated
- Discuss observations
- Demonstrate bending of bimetallic strips when heated
- Discuss applications in thermostats
- Explain use in electrical appliances

Why is the lid of a sufuria made wider?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 63-65
- Metal bar
- Ball and ring
- Heat source
- Tongs
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 65-67
- Metal rods (copper, iron, aluminum)
- Pointer
- Ruler
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 67
- Bimetallic strips
- Heat source
- Pictures of thermostats
- Digital devices
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 67-68
- Round-bottom flask
- Glass tube
- Colored water

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written tests
- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Unusual expansion of water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain anomalous expansion of water
- Investigate water behavior from 0°C to 4°C
- Relate anomalous expansion to ice formation and aquatic life

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out activities to demonstrate anomalous expansion of water
- Plot graph of water level against temperature
- Discuss importance to aquatic life

Why does a glass bottle break when water in it freezes?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 68-70
- Ice
- Thermometer
- Flask and tube
- Graph paper

- Practical assessment - Graph plotting - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Gas expansion
Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Applications in pipes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate thermal expansion in gases
- Demonstrate gas expansion using balloon and bottle
- Relate gas expansion to hot air balloons

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out activities to demonstrate expansion in gases
- Attach balloon to bottle and place in hot/cold water
- Observe balloon size changes

Why does a glass bottle break when water in it freezes?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 70
- Plastic bottle
- Balloon
- Hot water
- Ice
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 71-72
- Digital devices
- Pictures of expansion joints
- Reference books

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Applications in construction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain expansion gaps in railway lines
- Describe thermal expansion in steel bridges
- Appreciate expansion considerations in construction

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss expansion gaps in railway lines
- Explain bridge design with rollers
- Use digital media to view examples

Why is the lid of a sufuria made wider?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 72
- Digital devices
- Pictures of railway lines
- Pictures of bridges

- Oral questions - Written tests - Observation

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - More applications
Moments and Equilibrium - Centre of gravity of regular objects
Moments and Equilibrium - Centre of gravity of irregular objects
Moments and Equilibrium - Stable, unstable and neutral equilibrium

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain slack in overhead wires
- Describe thermostats in electrical devices
- Appreciate thermal expansion in everyday devices

- Determine the centre of gravity of irregularly shaped objects
- Use plumb line method
- Appreciate importance in design and balance

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss thermal expansion in electrical wires
- Explain how thermostats work
- Relate to electrical appliances
- Carry out activities to determine centre of gravity of irregular objects using plumb line
- Mark lines and find intersection
- Verify by balancing

Why is the lid of a sufuria made wider?
How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 73-74
- Digital devices
- Pictures of thermostats
- Reference books
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 75-76
- Rectangular cards
- Ruler
- Pen
- Table
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 76-78
- Irregular hardboard
- Plumb line
- Pins
- Retort stand
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 78-80
- Bunsen burner
- Flat surface
- Various objects
- Digital devices

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Presentations
- Practical assessment - Observation - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Stability factors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate factors affecting stability of objects
- Explain how base area and centre of gravity affect stability
- Appreciate stability considerations in vehicle and building design

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out activities to investigate factors affecting stability
- Use objects of different shapes and sizes
- Measure angles at which objects topple
- Discuss findings

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 80-82
- Various objects
- Protractor
- Ruler
- Weights

- Practical assessment - Data recording - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Turning effect of force
Moments and Equilibrium - Demonstrating moments

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of moment of a force
- Calculate moment using Moment = Force × Distance
- Relate moments to opening doors and using tools

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss with peers the meaning of moment of force
- Use digital devices to search for information
- Share personal experiences of applying moments

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 82-84
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Calculator
- Exercise books
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 84-87
- Spring balance
- Wire
- Door
- Measuring tape

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Principle of moments

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Verify the principle of moments
- Explain that clockwise moments = anticlockwise moments
- Apply principle to solve problems

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out activities to verify principle of moments using metre rule and weights
- Balance rule with different weights
- Record distances and calculate moments

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 87-89
- Metre rule
- Weights (50g, 100g, 200g)
- Thread
- Retort stand

- Practical assessment - Data analysis - Problem solving

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Two support points
Moments and Equilibrium - Torque and couple forces
Moments and Equilibrium - Resolving forces
Moments and Equilibrium - Applications in daily life

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate moments about two points of support
- Calculate resultant forces at support points
- Solve numerical problems

- Demonstrate resolution of forces
- Resolve forces into horizontal and vertical components
- Calculate components using F cos θ and F sin θ

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out activities to demonstrate moments with two spring balances
- Balance plank with weights
- Calculate forces at support points
- Carry out activities to demonstrate resolution using pulleys and weights
- Draw parallelogram of forces
- Calculate resultant force

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 89-91
- Metre rule
- Spring balances
- Weights
- Calculator
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 91-94
- Wooden strip
- Screw
- Table
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 94-96
- Pulleys
- Weights
- Paper
- Ruler
- Protractor
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 96-98
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Pictures of tools
- Charts

- Practical assessment - Problem solving - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Vehicle stability and load

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate factors affecting vehicle stability
- Relate load positioning to stability
- Appreciate safety considerations in loading vehicles

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Visit nearby garage and observe vehicles
- Discuss with garage staff about loading
- Note features contributing to stability

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 98-99
- Nearby garage
- Exercise books
- Pens
- Digital devices

- Observation - Oral questions - Written reports

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Review
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Basic concepts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Solve problems on moments and equilibrium
- Apply principles to real situations
- Demonstrate understanding of torque and stability

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Solve numerical problems on moments
- Answer revision questions
- Discuss challenging concepts

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 99
- Exercise books
- Calculators
- Past papers
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 100-102
- Digital devices
- Reference books

- Written tests - Problem solving - Self-assessment

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Work done

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain work as force × distance
- Calculate work done using W = F × d
- Solve numerical problems on work

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out activities to demonstrate work
- Push objects across the room
- Calculate work done in different scenarios

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 102-105
- Books
- Spring balance
- Ruler
- Calculator

- Practical assessment - Problem solving - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Forms of energy
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Mechanical energy
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Energy transformations
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Law of conservation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain energy as ability to do work
- Identify different forms of energy
- Relate energy sources to renewable and non-renewable

- Demonstrate transformation of mechanical energy
- Explain energy changes in swinging pendulum
- Relate to real-life applications like roller coasters

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss different forms of energy
- Give examples of energy sources
- Classify sources as renewable or non-renewable
- Carry out activities to demonstrate energy transformation using pendulum
- Observe potential to kinetic energy changes
- Discuss energy at different points

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 105-106
- Digital devices
- Charts
- Reference books
- Pictures
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 106-109
- Tennis ball
- Metre rule
- Calculator
- Exercise books
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 109-112
- Pendulum (mass and string)
- Retort stand
- Clamp
- Digital devices
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 112-115
- Pendulum
- Ball
- Marble
- Ramp
- Calculator

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation
- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Vehicle energy systems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify energy transformations in vehicles
- Explain chemical to mechanical energy conversion
- Appreciate safety measures in vehicles

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Visit nearby garage and observe vehicle components
- Identify energy transformations
- Discuss safety precautions

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 115-117
- Nearby garage
- Exercise books
- Pens
- Resource persons

- Observation - Oral questions - Written reports

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Rate of doing work
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - MA, VR and efficiency

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain power as rate of doing work
- Calculate power using P = W/t
- Solve numerical problems on power

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out activities to measure power (running up stairs)
- Calculate work done and time taken
- Determine power output

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 117-119
- Stopwatch
- Metre rule
- Weighing scale
- Staircase
- Calculator
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 119-122
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Exercise books

- Practical assessment - Problem solving - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Types of levers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe levers and their types
- Explain principle of moments in levers
- Calculate VR and MA of levers

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Search for information on levers
- Identify different classes of levers
- Calculate VR = effort arm/load arm

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 122-125
- Digital devices
- Pictures of levers
- Reference books
- Calculator

- Written tests - Problem solving - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Inclined plane
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Wheel and axle system
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Gear systems
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Hydraulic systems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how inclined plane works
- Calculate VR = length/height
- Investigate factors affecting MA

- Explain how gears work
- Calculate VR = teeth on driven/teeth on driver
- Relate to bicycles and clocks

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Investigate how length affects MA of inclined plane
- Use trolley on ramp
- Record data and calculate MA
- Search for information on gear systems
- Discuss how gears change speed and force
- Solve numerical problems

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 125-128
- Trolley
- Inclined plane
- Weights
- Pulley
- Ruler
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 128-130
- Rod with handle
- Thread
- Calculator
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 130-132
- Digital devices
- Pictures of gears
- Reference books
- Calculator
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 132-134
- Pictures of hydraulic lifts

- Practical assessment - Data analysis - Written tests
- Written tests - Problem solving - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Other simple machines

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain pulleys, screws and pulley belts
- Calculate VR for different pulley systems
- Relate to real applications

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Search for information on pulleys, screws and belts
- Discuss their working principles
- Calculate VR for each type

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 134-138
- Digital devices
- Pictures
- Reference books
- Calculator

- Written tests - Problem solving - Presentations

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Complex machines
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Making machines
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Review

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe use of machines in treadmills, elevators and escalators
- Explain simple machines in excavators
- Appreciate machines in making work easier

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Search for information on complex machines
- Identify simple machines in them
- Discuss applications

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 138-141
- Digital devices
- Pictures
- Reference books
- Charts
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 141
- Wood
- Ropes
- Pulleys
- Nails
- Local materials
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 142
- Exercise books
- Calculators
- Past papers

- Presentations - Oral questions - Written assignments