Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Introduction to Physics - Meaning of Physics
Introduction to Physics - Branches of Physics

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain Physics as a body of knowledge in science
- Outline how Physics studies matter and energy
- Relate Physics to real-life examples like vehicles, heating or lighting

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Work with others to search for the meaning of Physics as a branch of science
- Discuss the meaning of Physics in groups
- Share findings with the class

How is Physics relevant in day-to-day life?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 1
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 2
- Charts showing branches of Physics

- Observation - Oral questions - Group discussions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Introduction to Physics - Importance of Physics
Introduction to Physics - Relationship to other fields
Introduction to Physics - Career opportunities
Introduction to Physics - Career charts
Pressure - Atmospheric pressure
Pressure - Existence of atmospheric pressure

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Outline the importance of Physics in day-to-day life
- Explain how Physics relates to technology
- Connect Physics concepts to everyday devices like phones and vehicles

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss with peers the importance of Physics in day-to-day life
- Share findings with the class
- Give examples of Physics applications

How is Physics relevant in day-to-day life?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 3
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Real-life examples
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 4
- Internet access
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 6
- Resource persons
- Career charts
- Manila paper
- Marker pens
- Colored pencils
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 8-9
- Charts
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 9-12
- Syringes
- Metal cans
- Drinking glasses
- Cardboard

- Oral questions - Group presentations - Observation

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Pressure - Factors affecting pressure
Pressure - Application of P=ρgh
Pressure - Gas pressure

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate factors affecting pressure in liquids
- Explain how depth affects pressure
- Relate pressure to real-world applications like dams

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out activities to investigate factors affecting pressure in fluids
- Observe water jets from holes at different depths
- Record and discuss observations

How do density of fluid, acceleration due to gravity and depth affect pressure?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 12-16
- Plastic bottles
- Water
- Nails
- Measuring tape
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 16-18
- Calculator
- Exercise books
- Reference books
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 18-19
- Balloons
- Syringes
- U-tubes
- Weights

- Practical assessment - Written tests - Observation

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Pressure - Pascal's Principle
Pressure - Applications of atmospheric pressure
Pressure - Bicycle pump

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate transmission of pressure in fluids
- Explain Pascal's Principle
- Relate pressure transmission to hydraulic systems

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Demonstrate the principle of transmission of pressure in fluids using syringes
- Discuss Pascal's Principle
- Record observations

How do density of fluid, acceleration due to gravity and depth affect pressure?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 19-22
- Syringes
- Rubber tubing
- Water
- Masses
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 22-24
- Drinking straws
- Long tubes
- Water containers
- Glasses
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 24
- Bicycle pump
- Pictures
- Digital devices

- Practical assessment - Written tests - Observation

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Pressure - Hydraulic press and lift
Pressure - Hydraulic brake system
Pressure - Lift and force pumps

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how hydraulic machines work
- Calculate forces in hydraulic systems
- Appreciate hydraulic machines in lifting heavy loads

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use digital devices to search for information on hydraulic machines
- Discuss the working principle
- Solve numerical problems

How do density of fluid, acceleration due to gravity and depth affect pressure?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 24-26
- Digital devices
- Pictures of hydraulic lifts
- Reference books
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 26-28
- Resource persons
- Pictures of brake systems
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 28-30
- Pump diagrams

- Written tests - Oral questions - Problem solving

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Pressure - Review of concepts
Mechanical Properties - Introduction
Mechanical Properties - Ductility and malleability

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Solve problems on pressure
- Apply pressure concepts to real situations
- Demonstrate understanding of pressure applications

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Solve numerical problems on pressure
- Answer questions on applications
- Discuss challenging concepts

How do density of fluid, acceleration due to gravity and depth affect pressure?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 30
- Exercise books
- Calculators
- Past papers
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 31-32
- Various materials (paper, chalk, metal)
- Reference books
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 32-34
- Copper wire
- Aluminum foil
- Hammer
- Safety goggles

- Written tests - Problem solving - Self-assessment

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Mechanical Properties - Elasticity and brittleness
Mechanical Properties - Other properties
Mechanical Properties - Stress and strain

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate elasticity in materials
- Demonstrate brittleness in materials
- Relate these properties to real-life applications

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out activities to demonstrate elasticity using rubber bands
- Demonstrate brittleness using chalk
- Discuss observations

Why is it important to study mechanical properties of materials?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 34-36
- Rubber bands
- Springs
- Chalk
- Glass pieces
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 36-38
- Various materials
- Nails
- Wooden blocks
- Metal pieces
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 38-40
- Calculator
- Exercise books
- Reference books

- Practical assessment - Oral questions - Observation

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Mechanical Properties - Elasticity and Hooke's Law
Mechanical Properties - Hooke's Law experiments
Mechanical Properties - Young's Modulus

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain Hooke's Law
- Verify Hooke's Law experimentally
- Relate extension to applied force

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out activities to demonstrate Hooke's Law using springs
- Plot graphs of force against extension
- Determine spring constant

Why does a string snap easily compared to a spring?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 40-42
- Springs
- Masses
- Ruler
- Retort stand
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 42-45
- Masses (50g each)
- Graph paper
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 45-48
- Wires
- Micrometer screw gauge
- Calculator

- Practical assessment - Graph plotting - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Mechanical Properties - Applications
Mechanical Properties - Review
Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Temperature

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe applications of mechanical properties
- Relate properties to construction and manufacturing
- Appreciate material selection in engineering

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use print/non-print media to search for applications
- Discuss applications in groups
- Present findings to the class

Why is it important to study mechanical properties of materials?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 48-49
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Charts
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 49
- Exercise books
- Calculators
- Past papers
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 51-52
- Beakers
- Water (hot, cold, room temperature)
- Thermometers

- Oral questions - Presentations - Written assignments

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Liquid in glass thermometers
Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Bimetallic thermometers
Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Electronic temperature devices

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe liquid expansion devices
- Explain how mercury and alcohol thermometers work
- Compare properties of thermometric liquids

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out activities to measure temperature using mercury and alcohol thermometers
- Observe liquid expansion in thermometers
- Compare the two thermometers

Why does a glass bottle break when water in it freezes?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 52-56
- Mercury thermometer
- Alcohol thermometer
- Beaker
- Hot water
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 56-58
- Metal strips (copper, steel)
- Heat source
- Ruler
- Protractor
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 58-61
- Digital devices
- Pictures of thermocouples
- Reference books

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Infrared radiators
Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Expansion in solids
Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Linear expansivity of metals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how infrared thermometers work
- Use infrared thermometer to measure temperature
- Appreciate non-contact temperature measurement

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Take turns using infrared thermometer to measure forehead temperature
- Compare readings
- Discuss applications

Why does a glass bottle break when water in it freezes?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 61-62
- Infrared thermometer
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 63-65
- Metal bar
- Ball and ring
- Heat source
- Tongs
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 65-67
- Metal rods (copper, iron, aluminum)
- Pointer
- Ruler

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Bimetallic applications
Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Expansion in liquids
Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Unusual expansion of water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe how bimetallic strips work
- Explain applications in thermostats and fire alarms
- Appreciate use in electrical devices

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Demonstrate bending of bimetallic strips when heated
- Discuss applications in thermostats
- Explain use in electrical appliances

Why is the lid of a sufuria made wider?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 67
- Bimetallic strips
- Heat source
- Pictures of thermostats
- Digital devices
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 67-68
- Round-bottom flask
- Glass tube
- Colored water
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 68-70
- Ice
- Thermometer
- Flask and tube
- Graph paper

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Gas expansion
Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Applications in pipes
Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Applications in construction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate thermal expansion in gases
- Demonstrate gas expansion using balloon and bottle
- Relate gas expansion to hot air balloons

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out activities to demonstrate expansion in gases
- Attach balloon to bottle and place in hot/cold water
- Observe balloon size changes

Why does a glass bottle break when water in it freezes?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 70
- Plastic bottle
- Balloon
- Hot water
- Ice
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 71-72
- Digital devices
- Pictures of expansion joints
- Reference books
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 72
- Pictures of railway lines
- Pictures of bridges

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - More applications
Moments and Equilibrium - Centre of gravity of regular objects
Moments and Equilibrium - Centre of gravity of irregular objects

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain slack in overhead wires
- Describe thermostats in electrical devices
- Appreciate thermal expansion in everyday devices

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss thermal expansion in electrical wires
- Explain how thermostats work
- Relate to electrical appliances

Why is the lid of a sufuria made wider?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 73-74
- Digital devices
- Pictures of thermostats
- Reference books
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 75-76
- Rectangular cards
- Ruler
- Pen
- Table
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 76-78
- Irregular hardboard
- Plumb line
- Pins
- Retort stand

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Presentations

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Stable, unstable and neutral equilibrium
Moments and Equilibrium - Stability factors
Moments and Equilibrium - Turning effect of force

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify the states of equilibrium in bodies
- Distinguish between stable, unstable and neutral equilibrium
- Relate equilibrium states to everyday objects

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out activities to demonstrate stability, instability and neutral equilibrium using Bunsen burner
- Observe object behavior when pushed
- Discuss the three states

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 78-80
- Bunsen burner
- Flat surface
- Various objects
- Digital devices
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 80-82
- Protractor
- Ruler
- Weights
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 82-84
- Reference books
- Calculator
- Exercise books

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Demonstrating moments
Moments and Equilibrium - Principle of moments
Moments and Equilibrium - Two support points

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate the turning effect of forces about a point
- Investigate how distance affects moment
- Relate to everyday applications like door handles

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out activities to demonstrate turning effect using door and spring balance
- Apply force at different points
- Record force required and calculate moments

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 84-87
- Spring balance
- Wire
- Door
- Measuring tape
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 87-89
- Metre rule
- Weights (50g, 100g, 200g)
- Thread
- Retort stand
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 89-91
- Spring balances
- Weights
- Calculator

- Practical assessment - Data recording - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Torque and couple forces
Moments and Equilibrium - Resolving forces

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe torque and couple in turning objects
- Calculate torque using Torque = Force × Distance
- Relate to steering wheels and screwdrivers

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out activities to demonstrate couple using wooden strip and spring balances
- Compare single force with couple
- Discuss applications

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 91-94
- Wooden strip
- Spring balances
- Screw
- Table
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 94-96
- Pulleys
- Weights
- Paper
- Ruler
- Protractor

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Applications in daily life
Moments and Equilibrium - Vehicle stability and load
Moments and Equilibrium - Review

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe applications of torque, couples and stability
- Explain use in spanners, screwdrivers and vehicles
- Appreciate stability in racing cars and buses

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use print/non-print media to search for applications
- Discuss applications in groups
- Present findings on torque and stability

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 96-98
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Pictures of tools
- Charts
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 98-99
- Nearby garage
- Exercise books
- Pens
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 99
- Calculators
- Past papers

- Presentations - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Basic concepts
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Work done
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Forms of energy

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of energy, work and power
- Distinguish between the three concepts
- Relate to real-life examples like lifting objects and running

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss with peers the meaning of energy, work, power and machines
- Give examples from daily life
- Record definitions

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 100-102
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Exercise books
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 102-105
- Books
- Spring balance
- Ruler
- Calculator
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 105-106
- Charts
- Pictures

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Group discussions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Mechanical energy
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Energy transformations
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Law of conservation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain gravitational potential energy using PE = mgh
- Explain kinetic energy using KE = ½mv²
- Calculate potential and kinetic energy

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Drop tennis ball from different heights
- Observe energy transformation
- Calculate PE and KE using formulas

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 106-109
- Tennis ball
- Metre rule
- Calculator
- Exercise books
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 109-112
- Pendulum (mass and string)
- Retort stand
- Clamp
- Digital devices
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 112-115
- Pendulum
- Ball
- Marble
- Ramp

- Practical assessment - Problem solving - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Vehicle energy systems
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Rate of doing work
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - MA, VR and efficiency

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify energy transformations in vehicles
- Explain chemical to mechanical energy conversion
- Appreciate safety measures in vehicles

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Visit nearby garage and observe vehicle components
- Identify energy transformations
- Discuss safety precautions

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 115-117
- Nearby garage
- Exercise books
- Pens
- Resource persons
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 117-119
- Stopwatch
- Metre rule
- Weighing scale
- Staircase
- Calculator
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 119-122
- Digital devices
- Reference books

- Observation - Oral questions - Written reports

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Types of levers
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Inclined plane
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Wheel and axle system

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe levers and their types
- Explain principle of moments in levers
- Calculate VR and MA of levers

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Search for information on levers
- Identify different classes of levers
- Calculate VR = effort arm/load arm

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 122-125
- Digital devices
- Pictures of levers
- Reference books
- Calculator
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 125-128
- Trolley
- Inclined plane
- Weights
- Pulley
- Ruler
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 128-130
- Rod with handle
- Thread

- Written tests - Problem solving - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Gear systems
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Hydraulic systems
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Other simple machines

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how gears work
- Calculate VR = teeth on driven/teeth on driver
- Relate to bicycles and clocks

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Search for information on gear systems
- Discuss how gears change speed and force
- Solve numerical problems

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 130-132
- Digital devices
- Pictures of gears
- Reference books
- Calculator
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 132-134
- Pictures of hydraulic lifts
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 134-138
- Pictures

- Written tests - Problem solving - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics
Waves and Optics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Complex machines
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Making machines
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Review
Properties of Waves - Wave properties in real-life situations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe use of machines in treadmills, elevators and escalators
- Explain simple machines in excavators
- Appreciate machines in making work easier

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Search for information on complex machines
- Identify simple machines in them
- Discuss applications

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 138-141
- Digital devices
- Pictures
- Reference books
- Charts
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 141
- Wood
- Ropes
- Pulleys
- Nails
- Local materials
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 142
- Exercise books
- Calculators
- Past papers
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 139
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Writing materials

- Presentations - Oral questions - Written assignments

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Demonstrating wave properties using a ripple tank
Properties of Waves - Rectilinear propagation of waves
Properties of Waves - Reflection of waves
Properties of Waves - Refraction of waves
Properties of Waves - Diffraction of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify the parts of a ripple tank and state their functions
- Set up a ripple tank for wave demonstration
- Connect wave patterns observed in a ripple tank to natural phenomena like water waves at the beach

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Observe a ripple tank and its components
- Label key parts of the ripple tank
- Copy and complete a table showing parts and functions of a ripple tank
- Fill the tank with water and test wave generation

What role does each part of a ripple tank play in demonstrating wave behaviour?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 141
- Ripple tank with components
- Bar and ball dippers
- Light source
- White screen
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 143
- Ripple tank
- Manila paper
- Markers
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 144
- Metal barriers (straight, concave, convex)
- Ruler
- Manila paper
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 147
- Clear plastic sheets (rectangular and convex)
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 150
- Metal barriers with gaps

- Observation - Oral questions - Practical assessment

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Interference of waves
Properties of Waves - Formation and properties of stationary waves
Properties of Waves - Applications of stationary waves in vibrating strings
Properties of Waves - Vibrating air columns in closed and open pipes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain constructive and destructive interference
- Demonstrate interference patterns using two spherical dippers
- Connect interference to noise-cancelling headphones and hologram technology

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Attach two spherical dippers to the vibrator
- Observe alternating bright and dark bands formed
- Sketch wave patterns labelling regions of constructive and destructive interference
- Discuss applications of interference in everyday life

What causes some regions to have louder sound while others are quieter when two speakers play the same tone?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 152
- Ripple tank
- Two spherical dippers
- Manila paper
- Markers
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 155
- Rubber bands
- Slinky spring
- Fixed block
- Smooth surface
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 159
- String (1-2 metres)
- Fixed support
- Pulley and masses
- Ruler
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 161
- Closed pipe (boiling tube)
- Open pipe

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written assignments

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Resonance and frequency modulated waves
Properties of Waves - Doppler effect and applications
Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Terminologies used in radioactivity
Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Types and properties of alpha, beta and gamma radiations
Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Behaviour of radiations in electric and magnetic fields

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain resonance and its conditions
- Describe how FM radio waves carry sound information
- Connect resonance to tuning musical instruments and FM to radio broadcasting

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Set up a glass tube in water with a tuning fork to demonstrate resonance
- Adjust air column length to find resonance point
- Tune an FM radio receiver to different stations
- Research how FM radio waves carry sound information

How does a radio receiver select and play a specific FM station?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 164
- Glass tube
- Tuning fork
- Container with water
- FM radio receiver
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 166
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Writing materials
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 169
- Reference books
- Periodic table
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 171
- Property cards
- Manila paper
- Markers
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 173
- Coloured pencils
- Rulers

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Waves and Optics

Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Nuclear equations showing how radionuclides attain stability
Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Decay series and chain reactions
Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Safety precautions in handling and disposing of radioactive substances
Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Detection of radioactive emissions using photographic plates and electroscopes
Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Detection using Geiger-Muller counter and cloud chamber
Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Half-life and decay curves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Write balanced nuclear equations for alpha, beta and gamma decay
- Balance mass numbers and atomic numbers in nuclear equations
- Connect nuclear decay to energy production in nuclear power plants

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Learn the three main types of radioactive decay
- Write nuclear equations for alpha decay (e.g., Uranium-238 to Thorium-234)
- Write nuclear equations for beta decay
- Practise balancing nuclear equations

How do unstable nuclei transform to achieve stability through radioactive decay?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 175
- Periodic table
- Chart of nuclides
- Exercise books
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 178
- Uranium-238 decay chart
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 179
- Digital devices
- Manila paper
- Markers
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 180
- Photographic plates
- Electroscope materials
- Radioactive source
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 183
- Reference books
- Manila paper
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 185
- Burette
- Stopwatch
- Beaker
- Graph paper

- Written assignments - Oral questions - Observation

Waves and Optics
Electricity and Magnetism
Electricity and Magnetism
Electricity and Magnetism
Electricity and Magnetism

Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Nuclear fission, fusion and applications of radioactivity
Electrostatics - Origin of charges in a material
Electrostatics - Electric field patterns around charges
Electrostatics - Law of electrostatics
Electrostatics - Charging by friction and contact methods

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Differentiate between nuclear fission and nuclear fusion
- Write nuclear equations for fission and fusion reactions
- Connect nuclear reactions to power generation, medical imaging and cancer treatment

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Study pictures of nuclear fission reactions
- Discuss chain reactions and their control in nuclear reactors
- Research applications of radioactivity in medicine, industry and agriculture
- Present findings on applications to class

How do nuclear power plants harness fission energy while preventing uncontrolled chain reactions?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 189
- Digital devices
- Pictures of nuclear reactions
- Reference books
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 194
- Balloons
- Woollen cloth
- Small pieces of paper
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 196
- Manila paper
- Coloured pencils
- Rulers
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 199
- Plastic rulers
- Glass rod
- Silk cloth
- Woollen cloth
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 200
- Plastic pen
- Dry woollen cloth
- Polystyrene ball
- Glass rod

- Written assignments - Oral questions - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism

Electrostatics - Charging by induction and separation methods
Electrostatics - Charge distribution on conductors of various shapes
Electrostatics - Functions of various parts of an electroscope
Electrostatics - Charging an electroscope by contact and induction
Electrostatics - Uses of a leaf electroscope

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain charging by induction and separation methods
- Demonstrate charging without direct contact
- Connect charging by induction to electrostatic spray painting in industries

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Bring charged polythene rod near insulated metal ball without touching
- Earth the metal ball while charged rod is near, then remove earthing
- Demonstrate charging by separation using two touching metal balls
- Sketch charge distribution during induction process

Why does the charge acquired by induction have opposite sign to the charging rod?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 203
- Polythene rod
- Metal balls on insulated stands
- Connecting wire
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 205
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Manila paper
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 207
- Gold leaf electroscope
- Paper clips
- Aluminium foil
- Plastic container
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 208
- Glass rod
- Silk and woollen cloth
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 210
- Various charged objects
- Different materials for testing

- Practical assessment - Oral questions - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism

Electrostatics - Applications of electrostatics in day-to-day life
Current Electricity - Terminologies used in current electricity
Current Electricity - Relationship between potential difference and current through a conductor
Current Electricity - Ohm's Law and electrical resistance
Current Electricity - Ohmic and non-ohmic resistors
Current Electricity - Effect of length on resistance of conductors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe applications of electrostatics in various fields
- Explain safety measures against electrostatic hazards
- Connect electrostatics to spray painting, photocopiers, air purifiers and lightning protection

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Research applications of electrostatics using digital devices
- Discuss spray guns, photocopiers, fingerprinting and electrostatic precipitators
- Discuss lightning formation and safety measures during thunderstorms
- Present findings on applications and safety to class

How do electrostatic precipitators help reduce air pollution from factory emissions?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 212
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Manila paper
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 213
- Writing materials
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 214
- Nichrome wire
- Ammeter
- Voltmeter
- Variable resistor
- Dry cells
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 216
- Graph paper
- Calculators
- Exercise books
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 217
- Carbon resistor
- Filament bulb
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 219
- Nichrome wire (100 cm)

- Written assignments - Oral questions - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism

Current Electricity - Effect of cross-sectional area on resistance
Current Electricity - Effect of material type and temperature on resistance
Current Electricity - Relationship between e.m.f., voltage, current, resistance and internal resistance
Current Electricity - Types of resistors and resistor networks
Current Electricity - Measurement of resistance using resistor colour codes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate how cross-sectional area affects resistance
- Establish inverse relationship between area and resistance
- Connect area-resistance relationship to thick cables used in power transmission lines

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Set up circuit with nichrome wires of different thicknesses
- Measure resistance for 0.2 mm and 0.4 mm diameter wires
- Compare average resistance values
- Discuss why thicker wires have lower resistance

Why are thick copper cables used for transmitting electricity over long distances?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 221
- Nichrome wires of different diameters
- Ammeter
- Voltmeter
- Dry cells
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 222
- Nichrome and copper wires
- Hot water
- Voltmeter
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 225
- Dry cell
- Variable resistor
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 227
- Various resistors
- Circuit symbol charts
- Exercise books
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 228
- Fixed carbon resistors
- Colour code chart
- Digital multimeter

- Practical assessment - Written assignments - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism

Current Electricity - Measurement of resistance using ammeter-voltmeter and Wheatstone bridge
Current Electricity - Measurement of resistance using metre bridge

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Measure resistance using ammeter-voltmeter method
- Explain the working principle of Wheatstone bridge
- Connect Wheatstone bridge to precision measurements in laboratory instruments

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Set up circuit to measure resistance using ammeter-voltmeter method
- Calculate resistance using R = V/I
- Set up Wheatstone bridge and balance it for zero deflection
- Calculate unknown resistance using bridge formula

Why is the Wheatstone bridge more accurate than the ammeter-voltmeter method?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 231
- Ammeter
- Voltmeter
- Wheatstone bridge
- Galvanometer
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 233
- Metre bridge
- Known resistor
- Unknown resistor

- Practical assessment - Written assignments - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism

Current Electricity - Effective resistance of resistors in series
Current Electricity - Effective resistance of resistors in parallel
Current Electricity - Relationship between voltage, current and power in heating effect

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Derive formula for effective resistance of resistors in series
- Calculate total resistance and voltage drops in series circuits
- Connect series circuits to Christmas lights where one faulty bulb affects all others

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Connect resistors in series with ammeter and voltmeters
- Measure total voltage and individual voltage drops
- Verify that R_total = R₁ + R₂ + R₃
- Solve numerical problems on series resistor networks

Why does adding more resistors in series increase the total resistance of a circuit?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 234
- Resistors
- Ammeter
- Voltmeters
- Dry cells
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 237
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 241
- Resistor
- Voltmeter
- Rheostat

- Practical assessment - Written assignments - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism

Current Electricity - Applications of the heating effect of electric current
Introduction to Electronics - Meaning of insulators, conductors, semiconductors and superconductors
Introduction to Electronics - Distinguishing materials using energy band theory
Introduction to Electronics - Electrical behaviour of conductors with varying temperatures
Introduction to Electronics - Electrical behaviour of insulators with varying temperatures
Introduction to Electronics - Electrical behaviour of semiconductors with varying temperatures

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe applications of electrical heating in various devices
- Explain the role of fuses in circuit protection
- Connect heating applications to cooking appliances, lighting and industrial furnaces

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Research applications of heating effect in cooking appliances, lighting and circuit protection
- Discuss how fuses and circuit breakers protect circuits
- Compare ohmic devices (heaters) and non-ohmic devices (filament bulbs)
- Present findings on applications to class

How do fuses use the heating effect of current to protect electrical circuits?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 245
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Various electrical appliances
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 248
- Simple circuit
- Various materials (copper, iron, wood, plastic, silicon)
- Bulb
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 250
- Manila paper
- Coloured pencils
- Markers
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 253
- Copper wire
- Ammeter
- Voltmeter
- Hot water
- Ice cubes
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 254
- Glass rod
- Light bulb
- Dry cells
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 255
- Thermistor

- Written assignments - Oral questions - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism

Introduction to Electronics - Intrinsic semiconductors
Introduction to Electronics - Extrinsic semiconductors
Introduction to Electronics - Formation of n-type semiconductors
Introduction to Electronics - Formation of p-type semiconductors
Introduction to Electronics - Applications of conductors, semiconductors, insulators and superconductors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define intrinsic semiconductors and give examples
- Explain conduction in pure silicon and germanium
- Connect intrinsic semiconductors to the base material used in manufacturing computer chips

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Read presentation on intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors
- Discuss meaning of intrinsic semiconductors
- Explain equal numbers of electrons and holes in pure semiconductors
- Discuss limited conductivity at room temperature

Why do intrinsic semiconductors have low conductivity at room temperature?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 257
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Writing materials
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 258
- Periodic table
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 259
- Manila paper
- Coloured pencils
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 260
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 261
- Manila paper

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Environmental and Space Physics

Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change - Understanding greenhouse effect
Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change - Effects of climate change
Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change - Causes of greenhouse effect
Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change - Human contribution
Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change - Role of ozone layer
Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change - Solutions to climate change

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the greenhouse effect in the environment
- Describe how greenhouse gases trap heat
- Relate greenhouse effect to real-life situations like cars in the sun

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss with peers the meaning of greenhouse effect and climate change
- Carry out experiment with thermometers and glass jar in sunlight
- Observe temperature differences

How do human actions impact climate change?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 263
- Two thermometers
- Clear glass jar
- Stopwatch
- Sunlight access
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 265
- Exercise books
- Pens
- Digital devices
- Pictures showing climate change
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 267
- Pictures of human activities
- Charts
- Reference books
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 268
- Pictures of industries
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 269
- Charts showing ozone layer
- Internet access
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 271
- Manila paper
- Marker pens

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Environmental and Space Physics

Introduction to Space Physics - Origin of the universe
Introduction to Space Physics - Supporting evidence
Introduction to Space Physics - Types of celestial bodies
Introduction to Space Physics - Other celestial objects

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the Big Bang Theory of the origin of the universe
- Explain how the universe began and expanded
- Appreciate scientific theories about the universe

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Observe picture of night sky with stars and moon
- Use digital devices to research Big Bang Theory
- Discuss evidence supporting the theory

How was the universe/earth formed?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 273
- Digital devices
- Pictures of night sky
- Reference books
- Charts
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 275
- Balloon
- Marker
- Ruler
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 276
- Digital devices (QR code pg. 288)
- Solar system models
- Manila paper
- Marker pens
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 277
- Pictures of celestial bodies

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Presentations

Environmental and Space Physics

Introduction to Space Physics - Observing space
Introduction to Space Physics - Space technology
Introduction to Space Physics - Planetary motion

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Outline space exploration methods
- Explain how telescopes work
- Appreciate technological advances in space observation

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Search for information on different types of telescopes
- Discuss ground-based and space telescopes
- Compare Hubble and James Webb telescopes

How do we benefit from astrophysics?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 278
- Digital devices
- Pictures of telescopes
- Reference books
- Internet access
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 279
- Pictures of satellites
- Charts
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 281
- Videos on planetary motion

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Presentations

Environmental and Space Physics

Introduction to Space Physics - Solar system structure
Introduction to Space Physics - History of space exploration
Introduction to Space Physics - Space-related careers
Introduction to Space Physics - Benefits of space exploration
Environmental and Space Physics - Comprehensive review

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Model the solar system using local materials
- Demonstrate planetary orbits
- Appreciate scale and organization of solar system

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Create model of solar system using paper balls
- Paint planets in appropriate colors
- Arrange planets in correct order with distances

How do we benefit from astrophysics?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 282
- Crushed paper balls
- Paints
- Wooden strip
- Thread
- Glue
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 283
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Pictures of space missions
- Internet access
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 285
- Small pieces of paper
- Writing materials
- Career cards
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 280
- Pictures of applications
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 272, 287
- Exercise books
- Past papers

- Project work - Practical assessment - Peer assessment