Tools and Production

Computer Software - Meaning of computer software
Computer Software - Functions of application software

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define the term computer software
- Identify the two main categories of computer software — system software and application software
- Show interest in understanding the role of computer software in the workplace

- Search for the meaning of computer software from the Internet or reference materials and write it down
- Discuss examples of computer software known to the learners
- Read about the two categories of computer software (system software and application software) and write them down

What is the difference between system software and application software in a computer?

- Grade 8 Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book - Digital devices and internet access
- Reference books
- Grade 8 Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book
- Digital devices with application software
- Internet access and reference materials

- Oral questions - Written assignments

Tools and Production

Computer Software - Functions of application software
Computer Software - Using computer software to perform tasks

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Discuss and explain the functions of different application software
- Relate specific application software to the tasks they are designed to perform
- Appreciate the role of application software in improving workplace productivity

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss examples of application software used in a workplace and explain the function of each
- Explain the functions of word processing software (creating and editing documents), presentation software (creating slideshows) and spreadsheet software (organising data in rows and columns)
- Share and compare findings from the office visit in the previous lesson

How does knowing the functions of different application software help you choose the right tool for a task?

- Grade 8 Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book
- Digital devices with application software
- Internet access
- Computers with word processing software installed
- Digital devices

- Oral questions - Written assignments

Tools and Production

Computer Software - Using computer software to perform tasks

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Use presentation software to create and edit a slideshow
- Organise content across slides including titles, notes and icons
- Appreciate the role of presentation software in communicating information effectively

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Open a presentation software program and create a presentation with 5 slides
- Each slide should include a title, short notes on functions of application software and icons representing relevant software
- Edit the slides and present the completed slideshow to the class

What are the advantages of using presentation software to share information with an audience?

- Grade 8 Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book
- Computers with presentation software installed
- Digital devices and projector
- Computers with spreadsheet software installed
- Digital devices

- Practical assessment - Observation

Tools and Production

Computer Software - Importance of application software

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the importance of application software in different career roles
- Match specific application software to the needs of accountants, office secretaries and teachers
- Appreciate how application software improves efficiency across different careers

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study the figure describing the roles of people in different careers (accountant, secretary, teacher)
- Suggest the most suitable type of software for each career role and explain how the software supports their work
- Discuss the importance of application software in the workplace and how different careers use various software to perform tasks

Why is it important for workers in different careers to know how to use appropriate application software?

- Grade 8 Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book
- Digital devices and internet access
- Reference books
- Manila paper and markers for posters
- Digital devices for pictures and videos

- Oral questions - Written assignments

Tools and Production

Computer Software - Meaning of computer software

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Name the two main categories of computer software
- Use a word processing application to write a letter and identify its features
- Use appropriate software to type tabular data and reflect on software skills acquired

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Name the two main categories of computer software and give examples of each
- Use a word processing application to write a simple letter to parents or guardians; identify the software used, describe features used and state one function of a word processor
- Use an appropriate application software to type the data provided in the given table and name the software used

How do you select the most appropriate application software to complete a given task at school or at home?

- Grade 8 Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book
- Computers with word processing and spreadsheet software
- Exercise books for written responses

- Written test - Practical assessment - Peer and self-assessment

Entrepreneurship

Bookkeeping - Importance of bookkeeping in entrepreneurship
Bookkeeping - Classifying business transactions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define bookkeeping and explain its role in a business
- Explain the meaning of basic bookkeeping terms (debtor, creditor, assets, liabilities, capital)
- Appreciate the importance of bookkeeping for planning, tax compliance, loan access and decision making

- Brainstorm on the meanings of basic bookkeeping terms listed in the figure and search using available resources
- Study stickers on the importance of bookkeeping created by Grade 8 learners and discuss how each benefit is achieved
- Identify other importances of bookkeeping and present findings to the class

Why is bookkeeping important for a business person in day-to-day entrepreneurship?

- Grade 8 Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book
- Digital devices and reference books
- Sample financial records
- Sample business records

- Oral questions - Written assignments

Entrepreneurship

Bookkeeping - Classifying business transactions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Calculate assets, liabilities and capital using the bookkeeping equation
- Solve problems involving capital given assets and liabilities of a business
- Show accuracy when working with financial figures in bookkeeping

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study the worked example for ABC Wholesalers and follow the steps to calculate capital
- Solve exercises: calculate capital for Nyamu Enterprises and Mbao Supplies as at given dates
- Complete the capital calculation table and solve Tina's equipment purchase scenario

How do you calculate the capital of a business when given its assets and liabilities?

- Grade 8 Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book
- Exercise books for calculations
- Sample business records
- Digital devices and reference books
- Sample receipts and invoices

- Written test - Oral questions

Entrepreneurship

Bookkeeping - Classifying business transactions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define cost, price, profit and loss as used in business
- Apply the formulae: Price = Cost + Profit and Profit = Price − Cost
- Determine the cost and price of a product to calculate profit or loss

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study Diana's bakery and rental business tables showing expenses and selling prices
- Define cost (money spent to produce), price (amount paid by customer) and apply the profit/loss formula
- Calculate whether Diana makes a profit or loss from each business and discuss the effect of a rent increase

How does a business person determine whether they have made a profit or a loss?

- Grade 8 Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book
- Exercise books for calculations
- Sample business expense records
- Digital devices for reference

- Oral questions - Written assignments

Entrepreneurship

Bookkeeping - Preparing simple financial statements

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify the components of a statement of financial position
- Explain the relationship between total assets and total capital plus liabilities
- Prepare a simple statement of financial position for a given business

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study the statement of financial position for Bei Nafuu Limited and identify components (assets, capital, liabilities)
- Compare total assets with total capital and liabilities and discuss what the equality shows
- Discuss the relationship between the bookkeeping equation and the statement of financial position

Why must the total assets always equal total capital plus liabilities in a statement of financial position?

- Grade 8 Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book
- Sample statements of financial position
- Exercise books for preparation
- Exercise books for SFP preparation
- Reference books and sample records

- Oral questions - Written assignments

Entrepreneurship

Bookkeeping - Preparing simple financial statements

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify the three components of a statement of cash flow (operating, investing and financing activities)
- Explain the meaning of positive and negative values in a cash flow statement
- Calculate the net cash increase or decrease for a given period

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study the statement of cash flow for Furaha Enterprises and identify operating, investing and financing activities
- Explain what values in brackets represent (cash outflows) and calculate the net cash increase
- Study the worked example for Upendo Ventures and follow the steps to prepare a complete statement of cash flow

What does the net cash increase or decrease in a statement of cash flow tell a business person?

- Grade 8 Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book
- Sample statements of cash flow
- Exercise books for preparation

- Oral questions - Written assignments

Entrepreneurship

Bookkeeping - Preparing simple financial statements

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Prepare a statement of cash flow from given financial data for operating, investing and financing activities
- Calculate net cash flows for each activity category and the overall net cash change
- Appreciate the importance of a statement of cash flow in monitoring business liquidity

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Prepare a statement of cash flow for Tumaini Solutions from given operating, investing and financing data
- Prepare a statement of cash flow for Rafiki Traders using the same format
- Prepare a statement of cash flow for Bora Enterprises from a mixed list of financial items

How does a statement of cash flow help a business person monitor the flow of money in and out of the business?

- Grade 8 Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book
- Exercise books for preparation
- Sample statements of cash flow

- Written test - Practical assessment

Entrepreneurship

Bookkeeping - Preparing simple financial statements

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify and explain the components of an income statement (revenue, gross profit, expenses, net income)
- Prepare a simple income statement from given financial data
- Appreciate how an income statement shows whether a business is profitable

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study the income statement for Baraka Enterprises and identify and discuss its four components
- Define revenue, gross profit, expenses and net income and explain how each is calculated
- Study the worked example for Wendo Limited and prepare income statements for Jenga Enterprises and Nyota Limited

How does an income statement help a business person determine whether a profit or loss has been made?

- Grade 8 Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book
- Sample income statements
- Exercise books for preparation

- Oral questions - Written test

Entrepreneurship

Bookkeeping - Importance of bookkeeping in entrepreneurship

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the importance of financial records in a business
- Use spreadsheet software to prepare financial records
- Show appreciation for accurate record keeping as a foundation of business success

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Follow the road map to identify benefits of financial records and name the financial record that supports each benefit
- Discuss three importances of financial records: monitoring performance, financial planning and tax determination
- Use spreadsheet software to prepare the financial records from previous activities; answer review exercises on bookkeeping equation, SFP, cash flow and income statement

Why is it important for every business, no matter how small, to keep accurate financial records?

- Grade 8 Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book
- Computers with spreadsheet software
- Sample financial records

- Written test - Peer and self-assessment

Entrepreneurship

Income and Budgeting - Sources of income for an individual
Income and Budgeting - Importance of budgeting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define income and identify sources of income for an individual
- Identify multiple income streams from a real-life scenario
- Appreciate the value of diversifying income sources for financial stability

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Read Jane's story and identify all the ways she earns money (salary, jewellery sales, rental income, investments, freelance writing)
- Discuss and identify other sources of income for an individual (salary, wages, business income, rental, investments, grants)
- Share personal experiences related to income sources with classmates

Why is it important for an individual to have more than one source of income?

- Grade 8 Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book
- Digital devices and reference books
- Resource persons
- Sample personal budgets

- Oral questions - Observation

Entrepreneurship

Income and Budgeting - Preparing a simple budget
Income and Budgeting - Ethical and unethical practices in budgeting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define a budget and explain its components (income and expenses)
- Prepare a simple personal budget showing income, expenses and savings
- Appreciate the importance of planning expenditure before spending

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study Njeri's budget, compare total income and total expenses and calculate savings
- Define a budget as a plan for spending money showing income, expenses and savings
- Prepare a personal budget for Nelson's Lake Nakuru trip and for the Grade 8 children's home visit

How do you prepare a simple personal budget and what does it show about your financial plan?

- Grade 8 Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book
- Budget templates and exercise books
- Digital devices
- Digital devices and reference books
- Case study cards

- Written assignments - Practical assessment

Entrepreneurship

Income and Budgeting - Importance of financial planning

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Outline the steps involved in financial planning
- Explain the importance of financial planning using a real-life dialogue
- Appreciate that early financial planning leads to long-term financial security

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Read the dialogue between Ayub and Joan about Liz's financial planning journey and answer questions
- Outline the four steps of financial planning from the learning points (assess finances, set goals, create budget, build emergency fund)
- Discuss how financial planning leads to confidence and financial stability

What are the steps involved in financial planning and why is it important to start planning early?

- Grade 8 Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book
- Digital devices and library resources
- Reference books

- Oral questions - Written assignments

Entrepreneurship

Income and Budgeting - Sources of income for an individual
Marketing of Goods and Services - Importance of marketing to a business

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Outline sources of income and describe ethical practices in budgeting
- Prepare a family budget using knowledge of income and expenses
- Show confidence in applying income and budgeting skills to practical scenarios

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Prepare a simple monthly budget for a family together with a family member
- Answer exercises: outline 5 sources of income, describe 3 ethical issues in budgeting, evaluate Hassan's shoe vs toy spending decision
- Discuss how the government allocates funds in a budget and what this shows about budgeting priorities

How can budgeting help an individual or family avoid overspending and achieve their financial goals?

- Grade 8 Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book
- Digital devices and library resources
- Exercise books
- Digital devices and internet access
- Business articles and reference books

- Written test - Peer and self-assessment

Entrepreneurship

Marketing of Goods and Services - Sources of information about the market
Marketing of Goods and Services - Factors considered when selecting a suitable market

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify sources of information about a market and its potential customers
- Explain how each source provides useful information for marketing decisions
- Show willingness to use multiple sources to gather market information

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study pictures showing sources of market information and brainstorm additional sources
- Discuss six sources: mass media, social media and websites, books and reports, customer reviews and feedback, government data and statistics, trade fairs and exhibitions
- Visit an online marketplace (e.g. Jumia), read customer reviews and discuss how reviews influence marketing decisions

Which source of market information would be most useful for a small business in your community and why?

- Grade 8 Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book
- Digital devices with internet access
- Newspapers, magazines and business reports
- Digital devices and internet access
- Business reference books

- Oral questions - Written assignments

Entrepreneurship

Marketing of Goods and Services - Selecting tools to market goods and services
Marketing of Goods and Services - Recognising suitable markets for goods and services

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the enabling conditions for marketing of goods and services
- Distinguish between digital and traditional marketing tools
- Select appropriate marketing tools for a given business context

- Explain five enabling conditions: type of roads, quality of vehicles, communication networks, storage facilities and power supply
- Study the chart of marketing tools created by Grade 8 learners of Fanaka Junior School and classify into digital and traditional
- Select suitable marketing tools for a clothing line targeting teenagers; discuss digital tools (website, social media, email/SMS, content marketing, SEO) and traditional tools (print media, TV/radio, events)

How do you decide which marketing tools to use when launching a new product or service?

- Grade 8 Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book
- Digital devices and internet access
- Charts on marketing tools
- Exercise books for written responses

- Oral questions - Observation

Entrepreneurship

Distribution of Goods and Services - Role of intermediaries in distribution
Distribution of Goods and Services - Channels of distribution

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define distribution and channels of distribution
- Identify common intermediaries and explain their roles in the distribution of goods and services
- Appreciate the importance of intermediaries in making goods accessible to consumers

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss the meaning of distribution and explain the role of student governors as a parallel to intermediaries
- Define intermediaries (wholesalers, retailers, distributors, agents, brokers, co-operatives) and discuss their roles in the figure
- Discuss the eight roles of intermediaries: transport and storage, facilitating transactions, reducing risk, expanding market access, promoting and marketing, breaking bulk, gathering market information and offering customer service

Why are intermediaries important in ensuring that goods produced in one location reach consumers in another?

- Grade 8 Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book
- Digital devices and internet access
- Charts on channels of distribution
- Charts and flowchart templates

- Oral questions - Observation

Entrepreneurship

Distribution of Goods and Services - Ethics in distribution of goods and services

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain ethical and unethical practices in the distribution of goods and services
- Explain the importance of distributing goods and services in the community
- Value the need for ethical distribution for sustainable economic development

- Study the Grade 8 learners' model on ethical practices and discuss the seven ethical practices (fair pricing, honesty, consumer rights, sustainability, privacy, compliance, ethical marketing)
- Read the article on unethical distribution practices (price gouging, misleading advertising) and debate the motion: 'Ethical practices in distribution lead to greater profits than unethical practices'
- Read Rachael's story and discuss the five importances of distribution: accessibility, economic growth, consumer satisfaction, innovation and competition, and global trade

Why is it important for businesses to maintain ethical practices in the distribution of goods and services?

- Grade 8 Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book
- Digital devices and internet access
- Debate cards and exercise books

- Oral questions - Written test - Peer and self-assessment