Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Dimensioning - Meaning and types of dimensioning
Dimensioning - Types of dimensioning

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define the term dimensioning as used in technical drawing
- Identify the types of dimensioning in drawing
- Show interest in understanding how dimensions communicate information in drawings

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Read about dimensioning from Rita's tablet activity and discuss the meaning
- Explain the meaning of dimensioning in own words
- Search the Internet for information on different types of dimensioning

What is dimensioning and why is it important in technical drawing?

- Longhorn Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 32
- Digital devices and internet access
- Charts and drawings with dimensions
- Longhorn Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 33
- Drawing charts showing linear and radial dimensioning
- Digital devices

- Oral questions - Observation

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Dimensioning - Types of dimensioning
Dimensioning - Lines used for dimensioning

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe angular dimensioning and explain where it is applied
- Describe arc length dimensioning and explain where it is applied
- Categorise types of dimensioning from given technical drawings

- Identify the types of lines used for dimensioning in a drawing
- Distinguish between dimension lines, extension lines and leader lines
- Appreciate the importance of correct line types in communicating dimensions

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use Figure 3 to study angular dimensioning — specifying angles between two lines
- Use Figure 4 to study arc length dimensioning — specifying the exact length of an arc
- Identify and categorise the type of dimensioning used in given drawings
- Study a teacher's constructed drawing and identify the different dimensioning lines used
- Draw and label dimension lines, extension lines and leader lines from the drawing
- Share and compare dimensioning lines with classmates

In what situations would you use angular dimensioning instead of linear dimensioning?
How do extension lines and dimension lines work together to show the size of a feature?

- Longhorn Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 34
- Drawing charts showing angular and arc dimensioning
- Digital devices and reference books
- Longhorn Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 35
- Drawing paper and pencils
- Charts showing dimensioning line types
- Longhorn Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 36
- Drawing paper, pencils and ruler
- Set squares and geometrical set

- Oral questions - Observation
- Observation - Oral questions

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Dimensioning - Dimensioning a given shape

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify the parallel method of dimensioning
- Apply the parallel dimensioning method to dimension given shapes
- Appreciate the importance of consistent dimensioning methods in technical drawings

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study and identify the parallel dimensioning method from given drawings (a), (b), (c)
- Explain the difference between parallel and chain dimensioning from the drawings
- Apply the parallel method to dimension a shape on drawing paper

When would a drafter prefer the parallel dimensioning method over the chain method?

- Longhorn Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 37
- Drawing paper, pencils and ruler
- Charts showing dimensioning methods

- Observation - Oral questions

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Dimensioning - Dimensioning a given shape

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Apply the chain dimensioning method to given shapes
- Apply the combined dimensioning method to given shapes
- Develop a portfolio of dimensioned drawings using different methods

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Trace outlines of given drawings onto paper
- Measure dimensions in millimetres and apply the chain method
- Apply the combined dimensioning method and compile drawings into a portfolio

How does the combined dimensioning method incorporate both parallel and chain methods?

- Longhorn Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 37
- Drawing paper, pencils and geometrical set
- Portfolio folder
- Longhorn Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 38
- Drawing paper, pencils and ruler
- Geometrical set

- Portfolio - Practical assessment

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Dimensioning - Importance of dimensioning
Dimensioning - Types of dimensioning

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the importance of dimensioning in technical drawings
- Relate dimensioning to accuracy, manufacturing guidance and object description
- Appreciate that dimensions make technical drawings complete and useful

- Define dimensioning and name the parts of a dimension
- Measure and dimension plane figures using different methods
- Show confidence in identifying and applying dimensioning types

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Identify the dimensioning method used in given drawings
- Discuss the three reasons why dimensioning is important (accuracy, manufacturing guidance, object description)
- Measure the classroom floor and make a dimensioned scale drawing
- Define dimensioning in own words
- Name the parts marked with letters in the given dimension figure
- Measure and dimension plane figures using parallel, chain or combined methods

How does dimensioning a drawing make it more useful in construction and manufacturing?
How do you determine the correct type of dimensioning to apply to a given drawing?

- Longhorn Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 40
- Tape measure and drawing paper
- Pencils and ruler
- Longhorn Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 41
- Drawing paper, pencils and ruler
- Geometrical set

- Oral questions - Written test
- Written test - Practical assessment

Tools and Production

Computer Software - Meaning of computer software

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define the term computer software
- Identify the two main categories of computer software — system software and application software
- Show interest in understanding the role of computer software in the workplace

- Search for the meaning of computer software from the Internet or reference materials and write it down
- Discuss examples of computer software known to the learners
- Read about the two categories of computer software (system software and application software) and write them down

What is the difference between system software and application software in a computer?

- Longhorn Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 99
- Digital devices and internet access
- Reference books

- Oral questions - Written assignments

Tools and Production

Computer Software - Functions of application software

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify types of application software from icons
- Explain the functions of word processing, presentation and spreadsheet software in the workplace
- Show willingness to explore application software used in professional environments

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study the icons for application software (word processor, presentation and spreadsheet) and identify each
- Brainstorm on the functions of each application software identified from the icons
- Visit a computer user environment (school office, secretary's office) and list the types of application software in use

What types of application software are used in a school office and what tasks does each perform?

- Longhorn Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 100
- Digital devices with application software
- Internet access and reference materials
- Longhorn Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 101
- Internet access

- Oral questions - Observation

Tools and Production

Computer Software - Using computer software to perform tasks

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Use a word processing application to type, edit and save a document
- Apply basic word processing features (typing, editing, saving) to produce a document
- Show confidence in using word processing software for day-to-day tasks

- Use presentation software to create and edit a slideshow
- Organise content across slides including titles, notes and icons
- Appreciate the role of presentation software in communicating information effectively

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Open a word processing program and type notes on the functions of different application software
- Edit the typed notes to correct errors and improve presentation
- Save the document in a file named 'application software' and name the software used
- Open a presentation software program and create a presentation with 5 slides
- Each slide should include a title, short notes on functions of application software and icons representing relevant software
- Edit the slides and present the completed slideshow to the class

How is word processing software used to create and edit documents in day-to-day life?
What are the advantages of using presentation software to share information with an audience?

- Longhorn Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 101
- Computers with word processing software installed
- Digital devices
- Longhorn Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 102
- Computers with presentation software installed
- Digital devices and projector

- Practical assessment - Observation

Tools and Production

Computer Software - Using computer software to perform tasks
Computer Software - Importance of application software

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Use spreadsheet software to create, edit and save data in rows and columns
- Organise a shopping list using appropriate column headers in a spreadsheet
- Show accuracy and neatness when entering and editing data in a spreadsheet

- Open a spreadsheet software program and create a shopping list with column headers for items needed for a new school term
- Edit the shopping list to correct and improve the data entered
- Save the spreadsheet in a file named after the learner and state the software used

How does spreadsheet software make it easier to organise and manage lists of data?

- Longhorn Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 103
- Computers with spreadsheet software installed
- Digital devices
- Longhorn Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 104
- Digital devices and internet access
- Reference books

- Practical assessment - Observation

Tools and Production

Computer Software - Importance of application software

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Prepare a poster communicating the uses of different computer software
- Organise a school awareness activity to sensitise others on the importance of computer software
- Show confidence and creativity in presenting computer software information to a wider audience

- In groups, prepare posters with information on how to use different computer software to perform tasks
- Display posters at key locations around the school compound for others to view and discuss
- Take pictures and videos during the awareness activity; organise a School Awareness Day to sensitise other learners on the uses of computer software

How can sharing knowledge about computer software with others improve digital literacy in the school community?

- Longhorn Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 105
- Manila paper and markers for posters
- Digital devices for pictures and videos

- Observation - Peer and self-assessment

Tools and Production
Entrepreneurship

Computer Software - Meaning of computer software
Income and Budgeting - Sources of income for an individual
Income and Budgeting - Importance of budgeting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Name the two main categories of computer software
- Use a word processing application to write a letter and identify its features
- Use appropriate software to type tabular data and reflect on software skills acquired

- Explain the importance of budgeting in managing personal finances
- Compare wise and unwise spending patterns using a given scenario
- Show willingness to apply budgeting principles in personal financial management

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Name the two main categories of computer software and give examples of each
- Use a word processing application to write a simple letter to parents or guardians; identify the software used, describe features used and state one function of a word processor
- Use an appropriate application software to type the data provided in the given table and name the software used
- Compare Amina and Furaha's spending from the figure and discuss who spent more wisely and why
- Brainstorm and discuss the six importances of budgeting (controlling spending, saving, living within means, avoiding unnecessary purchases, preparing for emergencies, achieving financial goals)
- Discuss ways of spending money wisely and how budgeting helps achieve financial goals

How do you select the most appropriate application software to complete a given task at school or at home?
How does having a budget help an individual avoid unnecessary spending and debt?

- Longhorn Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 106
- Computers with word processing and spreadsheet software
- Exercise books for written responses
- Longhorn Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 130
- Digital devices and reference books
- Resource persons
- Longhorn Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 131
- Sample personal budgets
- Digital devices and reference books

- Written test - Practical assessment - Peer and self-assessment
- Oral questions - Written assignments

Entrepreneurship

Income and Budgeting - Preparing a simple budget
Income and Budgeting - Ethical and unethical practices in budgeting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define a budget and explain its components (income and expenses)
- Prepare a simple personal budget showing income, expenses and savings
- Appreciate the importance of planning expenditure before spending

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study Njeri's budget, compare total income and total expenses and calculate savings
- Define a budget as a plan for spending money showing income, expenses and savings
- Prepare a personal budget for Nelson's Lake Nakuru trip and for the Grade 8 children's home visit

How do you prepare a simple personal budget and what does it show about your financial plan?

- Longhorn Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 133
- Budget templates and exercise books
- Digital devices
- Longhorn Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 135
- Digital devices and reference books
- Case study cards

- Written assignments - Practical assessment

Entrepreneurship

Income and Budgeting - Importance of financial planning

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Outline the steps involved in financial planning
- Explain the importance of financial planning using a real-life dialogue
- Appreciate that early financial planning leads to long-term financial security

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Read the dialogue between Ayub and Joan about Liz's financial planning journey and answer questions
- Outline the four steps of financial planning from the learning points (assess finances, set goals, create budget, build emergency fund)
- Discuss how financial planning leads to confidence and financial stability

What are the steps involved in financial planning and why is it important to start planning early?

- Longhorn Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 137
- Digital devices and library resources
- Reference books

- Oral questions - Written assignments

Entrepreneurship

Income and Budgeting - Sources of income for an individual
Marketing of Goods and Services - Importance of marketing to a business
Marketing of Goods and Services - Sources of information about the market

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Outline sources of income and describe ethical practices in budgeting
- Prepare a family budget using knowledge of income and expenses
- Show confidence in applying income and budgeting skills to practical scenarios

- Identify sources of information about a market and its potential customers
- Explain how each source provides useful information for marketing decisions
- Show willingness to use multiple sources to gather market information

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Prepare a simple monthly budget for a family together with a family member
- Answer exercises: outline 5 sources of income, describe 3 ethical issues in budgeting, evaluate Hassan's shoe vs toy spending decision
- Discuss how the government allocates funds in a budget and what this shows about budgeting priorities
- Study pictures showing sources of market information and brainstorm additional sources
- Discuss six sources: mass media, social media and websites, books and reports, customer reviews and feedback, government data and statistics, trade fairs and exhibitions
- Visit an online marketplace (e.g. Jumia), read customer reviews and discuss how reviews influence marketing decisions

How can budgeting help an individual or family avoid overspending and achieve their financial goals?
Which source of market information would be most useful for a small business in your community and why?

- Longhorn Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 138
- Digital devices and library resources
- Exercise books
- Longhorn Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 139
- Digital devices and internet access
- Business articles and reference books
- Longhorn Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 140
- Digital devices with internet access
- Newspapers, magazines and business reports

- Written test - Peer and self-assessment
- Oral questions - Written assignments

Entrepreneurship

Marketing of Goods and Services - Factors considered when selecting a suitable market
Marketing of Goods and Services - Selecting tools to market goods and services

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the factors considered when selecting a suitable market for goods and services
- Analyse how target customers, market size, competition, accessibility and profitability affect market selection
- Appreciate the importance of research before selecting a market

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study Mr Mbati's summary on factors to consider when selecting a market and discuss each factor
- Discuss five factors: target customers, market size and growth rate, level of competition, market accessibility and market profitability
- Brainstorm enabling conditions that support or hinder marketing in the community

What factors would you consider before deciding which market to enter when starting a new business?

- Longhorn Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 142
- Digital devices and internet access
- Business reference books
- Longhorn Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 144
- Charts on marketing tools

- Oral questions - Written assignments

Entrepreneurship

Marketing of Goods and Services - Recognising suitable markets for goods and services

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify suitable markets for goods and services using a case study
- Define an ideal customer profile and explain its importance in market selection
- Show confidence in applying marketing knowledge to real-life business scenarios

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Read the GreenTech case study and discuss what drove rising demand and how the company selected its markets
- Discuss how to define an ideal customer: demographics, interests, location and purchasing power
- Visit nearby shops or supermarkets and observe: types of customers, best-selling products and marketing tools used; share findings with classmates

How would you identify and select the most suitable market for a new product in your community?

- Longhorn Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 147
- Digital devices and internet access
- Exercise books for written responses

- Oral questions - Written test

Entrepreneurship

Distribution of Goods and Services - Role of intermediaries in distribution
Distribution of Goods and Services - Channels of distribution
Distribution of Goods and Services - Ethics in distribution of goods and services

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define distribution and channels of distribution
- Identify common intermediaries and explain their roles in the distribution of goods and services
- Appreciate the importance of intermediaries in making goods accessible to consumers

- Explain ethical and unethical practices in the distribution of goods and services
- Explain the importance of distributing goods and services in the community
- Value the need for ethical distribution for sustainable economic development

- Discuss the meaning of distribution and explain the role of student governors as a parallel to intermediaries
- Define intermediaries (wholesalers, retailers, distributors, agents, brokers, co-operatives) and discuss their roles in the figure
- Discuss the eight roles of intermediaries: transport and storage, facilitating transactions, reducing risk, expanding market access, promoting and marketing, breaking bulk, gathering market information and offering customer service
- Study the Grade 8 learners' model on ethical practices and discuss the seven ethical practices (fair pricing, honesty, consumer rights, sustainability, privacy, compliance, ethical marketing)
- Read the article on unethical distribution practices (price gouging, misleading advertising) and debate the motion: 'Ethical practices in distribution lead to greater profits than unethical practices'
- Read Rachael's story and discuss the five importances of distribution: accessibility, economic growth, consumer satisfaction, innovation and competition, and global trade

Why are intermediaries important in ensuring that goods produced in one location reach consumers in another?
Why is it important for businesses to maintain ethical practices in the distribution of goods and services?

- Longhorn Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 148
- Digital devices and internet access
- Charts on channels of distribution
- Longhorn Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 151
- Charts and flowchart templates
- Longhorn Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 156
- Digital devices and internet access
- Debate cards and exercise books

- Oral questions - Observation
- Oral questions - Written test - Peer and self-assessment