Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Parallel forces and two supports

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate moments about two points of support
- Apply conditions for equilibrium with parallel forces
- Connect parallel forces to how bridges distribute weight across supports

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Set up metre rule supported by two spring balances
- Attach weights at different positions
- Verify sum of upward forces equals sum of downward forces

How are forces distributed in a beam supported at two points?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 94
- Metre rule
- Two spring balances
- Known weights
- Stand

- Practical assessment - Written tests - Observation

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Couple and torque
Moments and Equilibrium - Applications and resolution of forces

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define a couple as two equal and opposite parallel forces
- Calculate torque as Force × perpendicular distance between forces
- Connect couples to turning steering wheels and opening bottle caps

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Demonstrate couple using a plank fixed at centre
- Apply equal forces in opposite directions
- Calculate torque from experimental data

Why do we need two hands to turn a steering wheel smoothly?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 97
- Uniform plank with central pivot
- Spring balances
- Steering wheel model
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 100
- Pictures of applications
- Digital resources
- Problem sheets

- Practical assessment - Written tests - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Definition of work
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Calculating work done
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Energy and its forms
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Definition and calculation of power

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define work as product of force and displacement
- State the SI unit of work as joule
- Differentiate between work done and no work done like pushing a wall versus pushing a wheelbarrow

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss scenarios where work is done and not done
- Calculate work done in lifting and pushing objects
- Relate work to force and displacement

When do we say work is done in Physics?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 105
- Spring balance
- Metre rule
- Various objects
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 107
- Known masses
- Stopwatch
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 108
- Various objects
- Pictures of energy sources
- Digital resources
- Stopwatch
- Calculators

- Oral questions - Written tests - Observation

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Kinetic energy
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Gravitational potential energy
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Elastic potential energy
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Conservation of mechanical energy
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Energy transformations
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Types of simple machines

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define kinetic energy as energy due to motion
- Calculate kinetic energy using KE = ½mv²
- Connect kinetic energy to moving vehicles, athletes and flowing water

- Describe energy transformations in various systems
- Apply conservation of energy to solve problems
- Connect energy transformations to motor vehicles, power stations and home appliances

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Roll toy car down ramp and calculate its kinetic energy
- Investigate how mass and velocity affect K.E
- Solve problems on kinetic energy
- Discuss energy changes in falling objects, vehicles, and appliances
- Visit a garage to observe energy transformations in vehicles
- Solve problems using conservation of energy

How does speed affect the kinetic energy of a moving object?
How is energy transformed in a moving vehicle?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 112
- Toy car
- Ramp
- Stopwatch
- Measuring tape
- Beam balance
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 114
- Small weights
- Metre rule
- Beam balance
- Stand
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 116
- Rubber bands
- Springs
- Small objects
- Paper balls
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 118
- Pendulum bob
- String
- Stand
- Metre rule
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 121
- Digital resources
- Pictures of machines
- Reference books
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 124
- Pictures of simple machines
- Examples of levers
- Inclined plane model

- Practical assessment - Written tests - Problem-solving
- Written tests - Oral questions - Project work

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - MA, VR and efficiency
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Levers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define mechanical advantage, velocity ratio and efficiency
- Calculate MA, VR and efficiency of machines
- Explain why efficiency is always less than 100% due to friction in real machines

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss meaning of MA, VR and efficiency
- Calculate MA and VR from experimental data
- Relate efficiency to energy losses

Why is the efficiency of machines always less than 100%?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 129
- Simple machines
- Spring balance
- Known masses
- Metre rule
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 131
- Lever apparatus

- Written tests - Problem-solving - Practical assessment

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Pulleys
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Inclined plane and screw

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Calculate VR of pulley systems
- Investigate efficiency of pulley systems
- Connect pulley systems to cranes, flagpoles and construction hoists

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Set up single fixed and movable pulleys
- Set up block and tackle system
- Calculate MA, VR and efficiency experimentally

How does the number of pulleys affect the velocity ratio?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 131
- Pulleys
- String
- Known masses
- Spring balance
- Stand
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 134
- Inclined plane
- Screw jack
- Metre rule

- Practical assessment - Written tests - Observation

Mechanics and Thermal Physics
Waves and Optics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Wheel and axle, gears
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Hydraulic machines and applications
Properties of Waves - Rectilinear propagation of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Calculate VR of wheel and axle
- Calculate VR of gear systems
- Connect wheel and axle to steering wheels and door knobs, and gears to bicycles and car gearboxes

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Demonstrate wheel and axle operation
- Calculate VR of gear systems with different teeth
- Solve problems on wheel and axle and gears

How do gears change speed and force?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 137
- Wheel and axle model
- Gear wheels
- Bicycle
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 139
- Syringes of different sizes
- Tubing
- Water
- Pictures of hydraulic machines
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 147
- Torch
- Digital resources

- Practical assessment - Written tests - Oral questions

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Reflection of waves
Properties of Waves - Refraction of waves
Properties of Waves - Diffraction of waves
Properties of Waves - Interference of waves
Properties of Waves - Demonstrating rectilinear propagation using ripple tank
Properties of Waves - Demonstrating reflection using ripple tank
Properties of Waves - Demonstrating refraction using ripple tank
Properties of Waves - Demonstrating diffraction using ripple tank

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of reflection of waves
- Demonstrate reflection of sound waves using a tall building scenario
- Connect reflection to real-life applications like radar systems and car side mirrors

- Set up a ripple tank to demonstrate wave properties
- Demonstrate rectilinear propagation of waves in a ripple tank
- Connect the formation of bright and dark spots to how water waves behave

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Discuss how sound waves bounce off hard surfaces
- Identify applications of reflection in radar, mirrors, and fibre optics
- Use print or non-print media to research reflection applications

- Set up a ripple tank with all accessories
- Observe how crests appear bright and troughs appear dark
- Place two straight rods perpendicular to the vibrating bar and observe wave direction

Why do we hear echoes near tall buildings?
How do waves move in a straight line?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 148
- Digital resources
- Charts showing reflection
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 150
- Glass of water
- Straight object
- Digital resources
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 151
- Torch
- Manila paper
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 152
- Two identical speakers
- Audio frequency generator
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 154
- Ripple tank and accessories
- Dry cell and cell holder
- White manila paper
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 156
- Ripple tank
- Straight metal reflector
- Concave and convex reflectors
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 158
- Transparent glass plate
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 159
- Two straight metal barriers
- Opaque obstacle

- Oral questions - Observation - Group presentations
- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Demonstrating interference using ripple tank
Properties of Waves - Production of frequency modulated (FM) waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate interference of waves using a ripple tank
- Identify constructive and destructive interference patterns
- Relate interference patterns to noise-cancelling headphones and acoustic design

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Fix two spherical balls below the vibrator bar as coherent sources
- Observe dark and bright radial lines showing interference pattern
- Discuss how bright lines show constructive and dark lines show destructive interference

How are interference patterns formed in a ripple tank?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 160
- Ripple tank
- Two spherical balls
- White manila paper
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 161
- Digital resources
- Physics reference books

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Detection of frequency modulated (FM) waves
Properties of Waves - Formation of stationary waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how FM waves are detected and demodulated
- Describe applications of FM in various fields
- Relate FM detection to how radios and television sets receive signals

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Discuss demodulation methods for FM signals
- Research applications of FM in radar systems, medical imaging, and telemetry
- Present findings on FM applications to classmates

How do radios detect and convert FM signals to sound?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 162
- Digital resources
- Radio receiver (demonstration)
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 163
- Tuning fork
- String
- Mass (weight)
- Fixed pulley system

- Oral questions - Written tests - Research presentations

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Factors affecting fundamental frequency of vibrating string
Properties of Waves - Modes of vibration in strings

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate factors affecting fundamental frequency of a vibrating string
- Determine the relationship between frequency, tension, and length
- Relate findings to tuning musical instruments like guitars and violins

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Set up a sonometer apparatus and vary tension while keeping length constant
- Vary the length between bridges while keeping tension constant
- Discuss the mathematical relationship f = (1/2L)√(T/μ)

How do tension and length affect the frequency of a vibrating string?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 164
- Sonometer apparatus
- Weights
- Two wooden wedges
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 166
- Digital resources
- Charts showing modes of vibration

- Practical assessment - Written tests - Oral questions

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Stationary waves in closed pipes
Properties of Waves - Harmonics in closed pipes
Properties of Waves - Stationary waves in open pipes
Properties of Waves - Meaning of Doppler effect

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate variation of sound with length of air column in a closed pipe
- Demonstrate resonance in a closed pipe
- Relate closed pipe resonance to how wind instruments like clarinets work

- Explain stationary wave formation in open pipes
- Calculate fundamental frequency and overtones in open pipes
- Relate open pipe resonance to how flutes and organ pipes produce sound

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Dip a glass tube into water and hold a vibrating tuning fork over the open end
- Adjust the tube length until resonance is achieved
- Discuss the relationship between length and wavelength: L = λ/4

- Discuss how antinodes form at both ends of an open pipe
- Calculate wavelength and frequency relationships: L = λ/2
- Compare fundamental frequencies in open and closed pipes

How does the length of a closed air column affect the sound produced?
How do stationary waves form in open pipes?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 167
- Glass tube
- Glass jar with water
- Tuning fork
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 168
- Digital resources
- Charts showing harmonics
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 169
- Digital resources
- Charts showing open pipe harmonics
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 173
- Audio recordings of approaching vehicles

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions
- Written tests - Oral questions - Problem-solving exercises

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Demonstrating Doppler effect
Properties of Waves - Applications of Doppler effect

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate Doppler effect using sound sources and ropes
- Observe changes in wavelength when source moves towards or away from observer
- Relate the demonstration to how radar speed guns measure vehicle speed

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Move an audio frequency generator towards and away from a stationary observer
- Use a rope to show compression and stretching of waves
- Discuss how wavelength decreases when source approaches and increases when receding

How does the movement of a sound source affect the waves detected by an observer?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 174
- Audio frequency generator
- Rope or spiral spring
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 175
- Digital resources
- Charts showing Doppler applications

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Waves and Optics

Radioactivity - Meaning of radioactivity and related terms
Radioactivity - Stability of isotopes and atomic structure

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of radioactivity and related terms
- Define nuclear stability, half-life, nuclide, and radioisotope
- Relate radioactivity to smoke detectors and medical treatments

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Use digital resources to search for meanings of radioactivity terms
- Discuss the meaning of radioactive decay, background radiation, and nucleotide
- Share findings with classmates for peer review

What is radioactivity and why do some atoms decay?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 178
- Digital resources
- Physics reference books
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 180
- Charts showing atomic structure

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Group discussions

Waves and Optics

Radioactivity - Types of radiations (alpha, beta, gamma)
Radioactivity - Properties of alpha and beta particles

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify the three types of radioactive radiations
- Describe the nature and charge of alpha, beta, and gamma radiations
- Relate radiation types to their uses in cancer treatment and sterilization

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Discuss the composition of alpha particles (helium nucleus)
- Explain beta particles as high-energy electrons
- Describe gamma rays as electromagnetic radiation

What are the different types of radioactive emissions?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 181
- Digital resources
- Charts showing radiation types
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 182
- Charts comparing radiation properties

- Oral questions - Written tests - Chart interpretation

Waves and Optics

Radioactivity - Properties of gamma rays and comparison of radiations
Radioactivity - Alpha decay and nuclear equations
Radioactivity - Beta decay and gamma decay equations
Radioactivity - Uranium-238 decay series
Radioactivity - Detection using electroscope and GM tube

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe properties of gamma rays
- Compare all three types of radiations using charts and diagrams
- Relate gamma ray properties to their use in X-ray imaging and cancer treatment

- Write nuclear equations for beta and gamma decay
- Explain how beta decay changes a neutron to a proton
- Relate beta decay to carbon-14 dating of organic materials

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Discuss gamma ray properties: no charge, no mass, highest penetration
- Make charts comparing penetrating power, ionizing effect, and field deflection
- Use diagrams to illustrate effect of magnetic and electric fields on radiations

- Discuss beta decay: neutron changes to proton and electron
- Write nuclear equation for carbon-14 decaying to nitrogen-14
- Explain gamma decay as energy release without change in mass or atomic number

Why are gamma rays not deflected by electric or magnetic fields?
How do beta and gamma decay differ from alpha decay?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 183
- Digital resources
- Charts and diagrams
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 186
- Periodic table
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 187
- Digital resources
- Periodic table
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 188
- Charts showing decay series
- Digital resources
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 189
- Electroscope
- Diagrams of GM tube

- Chart making - Written tests - Oral questions
- Written tests - Problem-solving exercises - Oral questions

Waves and Optics

Radioactivity - Cloud chambers and nuclear emulsion plates
Radioactivity - Meaning and demonstration of half-life

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe detection using expansion and diffusion cloud chambers
- Explain the use of nuclear emulsion plates
- Relate cloud chamber tracks to identifying different radiation types

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Discuss the operation of expansion and diffusion cloud chambers
- Observe track patterns for alpha, beta, and gamma radiations
- Explain how nuclear emulsion plates record particle tracks

How do cloud chambers make radiation tracks visible?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 190
- Diagrams of cloud chambers
- Digital resources
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 193
- Burette
- Retort stand
- Stop clock

- Diagram interpretation - Written tests - Oral questions

Waves and Optics

Radioactivity - Calculating half-life using graphs and formula
Radioactivity - Significance and applications of half-life

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Calculate half-life from decay curves
- Apply the half-life formula N = N₀(½)^(T/t)
- Connect half-life calculations to determining age of archaeological samples

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Plot decay curves from given data and determine half-life
- Derive and apply the formula N = N₀(½)^(T/t)
- Solve numerical problems involving half-life calculations

How do we calculate the half-life of a radioactive substance?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 195
- Graph paper
- Scientific calculators
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 197
- Digital resources
- Physics reference books

- Written tests - Problem-solving exercises - Graph interpretation

Waves and Optics

Radioactivity - Nuclear fission and chain reactions
Radioactivity - Nuclear fusion and applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of nuclear fission
- Describe chain reactions in nuclear fission
- Relate nuclear fission to electricity generation in nuclear power plants

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Discuss how uranium-235 splits when bombarded with neutrons
- Explain how chain reactions release enormous energy
- Differentiate controlled reactions in reactors from uncontrolled reactions in bombs

How do nuclear power plants generate electricity from fission?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 198
- Diagrams of chain reactions
- Digital resources
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 199
- Diagrams showing fusion

- Written tests - Diagram interpretation - Oral questions

Waves and Optics
Waves and Optics
Electricity and Magnetism
Electricity and Magnetism

Radioactivity - Applications in medicine and industry
Radioactivity - Applications in agriculture and archaeology
Radioactivity - Hazards of radiation and safety precautions
Origin of charges in a material
The law of electrostatics

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe applications of radioactivity in medicine and industry
- Explain how gamma rays treat cancer and sterilize equipment
- Relate industrial applications to detecting pipe leaks and measuring thickness

- Describe hazards caused by radioactive materials
- Explain safety precautions when handling radioactive substances
- Relate safety measures to protection of workers in hospitals and nuclear facilities

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Discuss medical applications: cancer treatment, sterilization, imaging
- Explain industrial uses: detecting pipe bursts, thickness measurement, flaw detection
- Research use of radioactive tracers in various fields

- Discuss effects of radiation exposure: burns, cancer, hereditary defects
- Explain precautions: avoiding direct contact, using forceps, lead storage
- Role-play safety scenarios in radiation handling

How is radioactivity used to treat cancer and detect pipe leaks?
What safety measures protect workers from radiation exposure?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 200
- Diagrams showing applications
- Digital resources
- Digital resources
- Charts on carbon dating
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 201
- Safety signs
- Digital resources
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 205
- Plastic pen, woolen cloth
- Small pieces of paper
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 207
- Balloons, woolen cloth
- Thread, retort stands
- Metre rule

- Research presentations - Written tests - Oral questions
- Role-play assessment - Written tests - Oral questions

Electricity and Magnetism

Methods of charging conductors - Induction and Contact
Methods of charging conductors - Separation and charge distribution
Electric field patterns
The electroscope - Structure, charging and discharging

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain charging by induction and contact methods
- Demonstrate charging conductors using induction and contact
- Relate induction charging to wireless phone charging technology

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss with peers the induction and contact methods of charging
- Perform experiments to charge metallic spheres by induction and contact
- Sketch charge distribution during each stage
- Compare the two methods of charging

How can a conductor be charged without losing charge from the charging rod?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 208
- Metallic spheres on insulated stands
- Charged polythene and glass rods
- Connecting wire for earthing
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 211
- Two metallic spheres on insulated stands
- Charged rods
- Charts showing charge distribution
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 214
- Charts showing electric field patterns
- Digital resources
- Drawing materials
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 216
- Gold-leaf electroscope
- Conical flask, aluminium foil, metal spoon

- Practical assessment - Oral questions - Diagram sketching

Electricity and Magnetism

Uses of electroscope
Applications - Spray painting, precipitators and photocopiers
Applications - Lightning arrestors and safety measures

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe uses of an electroscope
- Demonstrate testing for presence, type and quantity of charge
- Apply electroscope principles to quality control testing in manufacturing

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Perform experiments to test for presence of charge on a body
- Determine the type of charge using a charged electroscope
- Measure relative quantity of charge
- Test conducting and insulating properties of materials

How can an electroscope determine the type of charge on a body?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 219
- Gold-leaf electroscope
- Various charged materials
- Conductors and insulators for testing
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 221
- Charts and diagrams
- Digital resources
- Videos on spray painting
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 223
- Pictures of lightning arrestors
- Charts on safety measures
- Digital resources

- Practical assessment - Oral questions - Written tests

Electricity and Magnetism

Applications - Touch screens, fingerprinting and capacitors
Current and potential difference
Electromotive force and internal resistance
Ohm's law - Verification and calculations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain electrostatic applications in touch screens and fingerprinting
- Describe the role of electrostatics in capacitors
- Connect capacitive touch technology to everyday smartphone use

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss the principle behind capacitive touch screens
- Research on electrostatic fingerprinting and live scanning
- Explain how capacitors in electronic devices use electrostatic principles
- Explore air purifiers and other applications

How do smartphones detect finger touches using electrostatics?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 225
- Smartphones and tablets
- Digital resources
- Charts on touch screen technology
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 228
- Dry cells, cell holders
- Ammeter, voltmeter, bulb
- Connecting wires, switch
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 231
- Dry cells, two voltmeters
- Known resistors, switch
- Connecting wires
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 232
- Nichrome wire, ammeter
- Voltmeter, rheostat
- Dry cells, graph paper

- Oral questions - Written tests - Research presentations

Electricity and Magnetism

EMF equation and internal resistance determination
Ohmic and non-ohmic conductors
Factors affecting resistance - Length and cross-sectional area
Factors affecting resistance - Temperature and resistivity
Methods of determining resistance
Types of resistors and current-voltage laws
Effective resistance in series and parallel

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Derive and apply the relationship E = I(R+r)
- Determine internal resistance graphically using V-I graph
- Apply EMF calculations to assess battery quality and performance

- Identify and classify types of resistors (fixed, variable, linear, non-linear)
- Verify laws of current and voltage in series and parallel circuits
- Connect resistor types to volume controls and temperature sensors

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Derive E = IR + Ir mathematically
- Vary current in a circuit and record terminal voltages
- Plot graph of V against I to determine r from gradient and E from y-intercept
- Solve problems involving EMF and internal resistance
- Study different types of resistors and their applications
- Connect bulbs in series and verify I₁ = I₂ = I₃ and V = V₁ + V₂ + V₃
- Connect bulbs in parallel and verify I = I₁ + I₂ + I₃ and V₁ = V₂ = V₃
- Discuss applications of rheostats and potentiometers

How can we determine internal resistance of a cell graphically?
Why is current the same in series but voltage the same in parallel?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 236
- Dry cells, ammeter
- Voltmeter, rheostat
- Graph paper
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 242
- Torch bulb, thermistor
- Semiconductor diode
- Ammeter, voltmeter, rheostat
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 245
- Nichrome wire, metre rule
- Wires of different thickness
- Micrometer screw gauge, ammeter, voltmeter
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 248
- Tungsten coil, beaker
- Thermometer, heat source
- Ammeter, voltmeter
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 251
- Metre bridge, Wheatstone bridge components
- Galvanometer, jockey
- Resistors with colour codes
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 255
- Various types of resistors
- Identical bulbs, ammeters
- Voltmeters, dry cells
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 263
- Resistors of known values
- Scientific calculators
- Circuit diagrams, worksheets

- Graph plotting - Written calculations - Oral questions
- Practical assessment - Oral questions - Written assignments

Electricity and Magnetism

Solving complex resistor network problems
Relationship of V, I and P - Power equations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Analyse circuits with multiple series-parallel combinations
- Calculate current through and voltage across each resistor
- Apply circuit analysis to troubleshoot electrical faults in appliances

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Identify series and parallel sections in complex circuits
- Calculate effective resistance step by step
- Determine current distribution in branches
- Calculate potential difference across each component

How do we analyse circuits with both series and parallel resistors?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 267
- Complex circuit diagrams
- Scientific calculators
- Worksheets with problems
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 270
- Power rating labels from appliances
- Worksheets

- Written calculations - Circuit analysis - Oral questions

Electricity and Magnetism

Factors affecting heating effect of electric current
Applications of heating effect of electric current

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- State Joule's law of electrical heating
- Investigate factors affecting heating effect (time, current, resistance)
- Relate heating factors to why electric kettles boil water faster than immersion heaters

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Investigate effect of time, current and resistance on heating
- Plot graphs of temperature change against time, I² and R
- Derive H = I²Rt (Joule's law)
- Discuss the significance of each factor

What factors determine the amount of heat produced by electric current?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 273
- Heating coils, beaker
- Thermometer, stopwatch
- Ammeter, voltmeter, rheostat
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 277
- Pictures of electrical appliances
- Fuses of different ratings
- Digital resources

- Practical assessment - Graph plotting - Written conclusions

Electricity and Magnetism

Power rating and electrical energy calculations
Conductors, semiconductors, insulators and superconductors
Distinguishing materials using energy band theory
Effect of temperature on conductors and semiconductors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Interpret power ratings on electrical appliances
- Calculate electrical energy consumption using E = Pt
- Apply energy calculations to reduce electricity bills at home

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Read and interpret power ratings on appliance labels
- Calculate energy consumed in joules and kilowatt-hours
- Calculate cost of running appliances using electricity tariffs
- Discuss energy-saving practices

How do we calculate the cost of running electrical appliances?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 278
- Power rating labels
- Scientific calculators
- Electricity tariff information
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 282
- Models of atomic structures
- Charts showing material classification
- Digital resources
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 284
- Charts showing energy bands
- Digital resources
- Drawing materials
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 286
- Tungsten coil, thermistor
- Beaker, thermometer
- Heat source, ammeter, voltmeter

- Written calculations - Oral questions - Problem-solving tests

Electricity and Magnetism
Electricity and Magnetism
Environmental and Space Physics
Environmental and Space Physics
Environmental and Space Physics

Intrinsic semiconductors and doping
N-type and p-type semiconductors
Applications of conductors and insulators
Applications of semiconductors and superconductors
Application of conductors and insulators in car wiring system
Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change - Greenhouse effect and climate change in the environment
Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change - Physical drivers of climate change
Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change - Factors leading to greenhouse effect

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors
- Explain the process of doping and its effect on conductivity
- Connect doping process to manufacturing of computer chips and solar cells

- Identify conductors and insulators in car wiring systems
- Explain the function of conductors and insulators in vehicle electrical systems
- Relate car wiring principles to safe vehicle operation and maintenance

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss the meaning of intrinsic (pure) semiconductors like silicon and germanium
- Research on the doping process
- Explain how adding impurities creates extra charge carriers
- Distinguish between intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors
- Study diagrams of car wiring systems
- Identify copper/aluminium wires as conductors and rubber/plastic as insulators
- Discuss role of conductors in lighting, ignition, fuel injection and braking systems
- Explain how insulators prevent short circuits, fires and ensure occupant safety
- Visit nearby garage to observe car wiring (if possible)

How does doping improve the conductivity of semiconductors?
Why are both conductors and insulators essential in car wiring systems?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 288
- Charts showing doping process
- Digital resources
- Models of crystal structures
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 289
- Diagrams of crystal lattice
- Charts showing n-type and p-type formation
- Digital resources
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 292
- Samples of electrical cables
- Pictures of electrical installations
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 293
- Electronic components
- Pictures of semiconductor devices
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 294
- Car wiring diagrams
- Samples of automotive cables
- Digital resources
- Resource persons (mechanics)
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 297
- Clear plastic bottles/jars
- Thermometers
- Plastic wrap
- Digital devices
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 298
- Charts showing greenhouse effect
- Digital resources
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 299
- Pictures of industrial activities

- Oral questions - Written explanations - Research reports
- Oral questions - Written assignments - Field visit reports

Environmental and Space Physics

Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change - Agricultural and livestock contributions
Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change - Role of ozone layer
Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change - Ozone depletion and climate change
Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change - Strategies for mitigating climate change

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe how agricultural practices contribute to greenhouse effect
- Analyse the role of livestock farming in methane production
- Relate agricultural activities in local farms to greenhouse gas emissions

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Discuss how livestock farming releases methane and fertilizer use produces nitrous oxide
- Use digital resources to search for information on agricultural contributions to greenhouse effect
- Share findings with classmates for peer learning

How do farming activities contribute to climate change?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 300
- Charts showing greenhouse gas sources
- Digital devices
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 301
- Diagrams of ozone layer
- Digital resources
- Charts on ozone depletion
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 302
- Pictures of renewable energy sources

- Group discussions - Oral questions - Written tests

Environmental and Space Physics

Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change - Effects of climate change on environment
Introduction to Space Physics - Big Bang Theory
Introduction to Space Physics - Stars, planets and satellites
Introduction to Space Physics - Asteroids, comets, meteors and galaxies
Introduction to Space Physics - Space exploration methods and telescopy
Introduction to Space Physics - Motion of planets around the sun
Introduction to Space Physics - Careers in space exploration

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the impacts of climate change on weather patterns, water bodies and vegetation
- Analyse changes in local environment due to climate change
- Connect observed changes in local rivers and lakes to climate change effects

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Discuss the effects of climate change on global temperatures, weather patterns, water levels and vegetation
- Demonstrate effects of climate change in the immediate environment
- Initiate a school project to help reduce greenhouse gas emissions

How has climate change affected your local environment?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 305
- Pictures showing climate change effects
- Digital devices
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 308
- Charts on Big Bang Theory
- Digital resources
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 309
- Photos of celestial bodies
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 311
- Pictures of comets and galaxies
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 312
- Lenses, manila paper, glue
- Pictures of telescopes
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 316
- Models of solar system
- Charts on Kepler's laws
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 318
- Career charts

- Observation - Oral questions - Project presentations