Electricity and Magnetism

Current Electricity - Terminologies used in current electricity

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define current, potential difference, resistance and electromotive force
- State SI units for electrical quantities
- Connect electrical terms to household appliances like bulbs, heaters and phone chargers

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Use digital devices or reference books to find meanings of electrical terms
- Discuss current, potential difference, e.m.f. and internal resistance
- Identify symbols and units for electrical quantities
- Share findings on terminology in class discussion

How is electromotive force different from potential difference in an electrical circuit?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 213
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Writing materials

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism

Current Electricity - Relationship between potential difference and current through a conductor
Current Electricity - Ohm's Law and electrical resistance

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate the relationship between potential difference and current
- Verify Ohm's Law experimentally
- Connect Ohm's Law to understanding why thicker wires carry more current in house wiring

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Set up circuit with nichrome wire, ammeter, voltmeter and variable resistor
- Adjust voltage and record corresponding current readings
- Plot voltage against current graph
- Determine resistance from gradient of graph

What happens to current when potential difference across a conductor is doubled?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 214
- Nichrome wire
- Ammeter
- Voltmeter
- Variable resistor
- Dry cells
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 216
- Graph paper
- Calculators
- Exercise books

- Practical assessment - Written assignments - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism

Current Electricity - Ohmic and non-ohmic resistors
Current Electricity - Effect of length on resistance of conductors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Distinguish between ohmic and non-ohmic resistors
- Draw current-voltage graphs for ohmic and non-ohmic conductors
- Connect non-ohmic behaviour to filament bulbs dimming when voltage drops

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Set up circuit with carbon resistor and record current-voltage readings
- Replace with filament bulb and record readings
- Plot I-V graphs for both and compare shapes
- Discuss why filament bulb resistance changes with temperature

Why does a filament bulb's resistance increase as it gets hotter?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 217
- Carbon resistor
- Filament bulb
- Ammeter
- Voltmeter
- Dry cells
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 219
- Nichrome wire (100 cm)

- Practical assessment - Written assignments - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism

Current Electricity - Effect of cross-sectional area on resistance
Current Electricity - Effect of material type and temperature on resistance

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate how cross-sectional area affects resistance
- Establish inverse relationship between area and resistance
- Connect area-resistance relationship to thick cables used in power transmission lines

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Set up circuit with nichrome wires of different thicknesses
- Measure resistance for 0.2 mm and 0.4 mm diameter wires
- Compare average resistance values
- Discuss why thicker wires have lower resistance

Why are thick copper cables used for transmitting electricity over long distances?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 221
- Nichrome wires of different diameters
- Ammeter
- Voltmeter
- Dry cells
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 222
- Nichrome and copper wires
- Hot water
- Voltmeter

- Practical assessment - Written assignments - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism

Current Electricity - Relationship between e.m.f., voltage, current, resistance and internal resistance
Current Electricity - Types of resistors and resistor networks
Current Electricity - Measurement of resistance using resistor colour codes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Derive and apply the equation E = I(R + r)
- Calculate internal resistance and terminal voltage
- Connect internal resistance to why car batteries struggle to start engines in cold weather

- Read resistance values from colour coded resistors
- Calculate resistance and tolerance from colour bands
- Connect colour coding to identifying resistor values when repairing electronic devices

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Set up circuit with cell, ammeter, voltmeter and variable resistor
- Record voltage and current for different resistance values
- Plot V against I graph and determine e.m.f. and internal resistance
- Solve problems using E = I(R + r)

- Study resistor colour code chart
- Observe colour bands on fixed carbon resistors
- Calculate resistance values using colour codes
- Verify calculated values using digital multimeter

Why is the terminal voltage of a battery always less than its e.m.f. when current flows?
How do the colour bands on a resistor indicate its resistance value and tolerance?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 225
- Dry cell
- Ammeter
- Voltmeter
- Variable resistor
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 227
- Various resistors
- Circuit symbol charts
- Exercise books

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 228
- Fixed carbon resistors
- Colour code chart
- Digital multimeter

- Practical assessment - Written assignments - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism

Current Electricity - Measurement of resistance using ammeter-voltmeter and Wheatstone bridge

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Measure resistance using ammeter-voltmeter method
- Explain the working principle of Wheatstone bridge
- Connect Wheatstone bridge to precision measurements in laboratory instruments

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Set up circuit to measure resistance using ammeter-voltmeter method
- Calculate resistance using R = V/I
- Set up Wheatstone bridge and balance it for zero deflection
- Calculate unknown resistance using bridge formula

Why is the Wheatstone bridge more accurate than the ammeter-voltmeter method?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 231
- Ammeter
- Voltmeter
- Wheatstone bridge
- Galvanometer

- Practical assessment - Written assignments - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism

Current Electricity - Measurement of resistance using metre bridge

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the metre bridge as a practical form of Wheatstone bridge
- Use metre bridge to determine unknown resistance
- Connect metre bridge principle to strain gauges used in weighing scales

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Set up metre bridge circuit with known and unknown resistors
- Slide jockey along wire until galvanometer shows zero deflection
- Record balance lengths and calculate unknown resistance
- Compare calculated values with standard values

How does the metre bridge use the principle of balanced ratios to measure resistance?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 233
- Metre bridge
- Known resistor
- Unknown resistor
- Galvanometer

- Practical assessment - Written assignments - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism

Current Electricity - Effective resistance of resistors in series

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Derive formula for effective resistance of resistors in series
- Calculate total resistance and voltage drops in series circuits
- Connect series circuits to Christmas lights where one faulty bulb affects all others

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Connect resistors in series with ammeter and voltmeters
- Measure total voltage and individual voltage drops
- Verify that R_total = R₁ + R₂ + R₃
- Solve numerical problems on series resistor networks

Why does adding more resistors in series increase the total resistance of a circuit?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 234
- Resistors
- Ammeter
- Voltmeters
- Dry cells

- Practical assessment - Written assignments - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism

Current Electricity - Effective resistance of resistors in parallel
Current Electricity - Relationship between voltage, current and power in heating effect

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Derive formula for effective resistance of resistors in parallel
- Calculate total resistance and branch currents in parallel circuits
- Connect parallel circuits to house wiring where each appliance operates independently

- Derive and apply P = VI, P = I²R and H = I²Rt
- Calculate electrical power and energy consumed
- Connect heating effect to electric kettles, heaters and toasters in homes

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Connect resistors in parallel with ammeter and voltmeters
- Measure total current and individual branch currents
- Verify that 1/R_total = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + 1/R₃
- Solve numerical problems on parallel resistor networks

- Set up circuit with resistor, ammeter and voltmeter
- Record voltage and current at different settings
- Calculate power using P = VI
- Derive Joule's law of electrical heating H = I²Rt

Why is the total resistance of parallel resistors always less than the smallest individual resistor?
How does the resistance of a heating element affect the amount of heat produced?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 237
- Resistors
- Ammeter
- Voltmeters
- Dry cells

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 241
- Resistor
- Ammeter
- Voltmeter
- Rheostat

- Practical assessment - Written assignments - Observation
- Written assignments - Oral questions - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism

Current Electricity - Applications of the heating effect of electric current
Introduction to Electronics - Meaning of insulators, conductors, semiconductors and superconductors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe applications of electrical heating in various devices
- Explain the role of fuses in circuit protection
- Connect heating applications to cooking appliances, lighting and industrial furnaces

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Research applications of heating effect in cooking appliances, lighting and circuit protection
- Discuss how fuses and circuit breakers protect circuits
- Compare ohmic devices (heaters) and non-ohmic devices (filament bulbs)
- Present findings on applications to class

How do fuses use the heating effect of current to protect electrical circuits?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 245
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Various electrical appliances
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 248
- Simple circuit
- Various materials (copper, iron, wood, plastic, silicon)
- Bulb

- Written assignments - Oral questions - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism

Introduction to Electronics - Distinguishing materials using energy band theory
Introduction to Electronics - Electrical behaviour of conductors with varying temperatures

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain energy band theory and band gaps
- Draw energy band diagrams for conductors, semiconductors and insulators
- Connect band gaps to why LEDs emit light of specific colours

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Draw rectangles showing valence and conduction bands for conductors
- Draw band diagrams for semiconductors with small band gap
- Draw band diagrams for insulators with large band gap
- Compare and classify materials based on band structure

How does the size of the energy gap determine whether a material conducts electricity?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 250
- Manila paper
- Coloured pencils
- Markers
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 253
- Copper wire
- Ammeter
- Voltmeter
- Hot water
- Ice cubes

- Written assignments - Oral questions - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism

Introduction to Electronics - Electrical behaviour of insulators with varying temperatures
Introduction to Electronics - Electrical behaviour of semiconductors with varying temperatures

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate how temperature affects conductivity of insulators
- Explain why insulators maintain high resistance regardless of temperature
- Connect insulator behaviour to safety of rubber gloves used by electricians

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Set up circuit with glass rod and light bulb
- Test conductivity at room temperature
- Heat glass rod and retest conductivity
- Cool glass rod and observe any changes in conductivity

Why do insulators like glass and rubber not conduct electricity even when heated?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 254
- Glass rod
- Light bulb
- Dry cells
- Hot water
- Ice cubes
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 255
- Thermistor
- Ammeter
- Voltmeter

- Practical assessment - Oral questions - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism

Introduction to Electronics - Intrinsic semiconductors
Introduction to Electronics - Extrinsic semiconductors
Introduction to Electronics - Formation of n-type semiconductors
Introduction to Electronics - Formation of p-type semiconductors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define intrinsic semiconductors and give examples
- Explain conduction in pure silicon and germanium
- Connect intrinsic semiconductors to the base material used in manufacturing computer chips

- Explain formation of n-type semiconductors through doping
- Draw diagrams showing electron distribution in n-type materials
- Connect n-type semiconductors to one half of diodes and transistors used in phones

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Read presentation on intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors
- Discuss meaning of intrinsic semiconductors
- Explain equal numbers of electrons and holes in pure semiconductors
- Discuss limited conductivity at room temperature

- Research formation of n-type semiconductors
- Discuss addition of group V elements (phosphorus, arsenic)
- Draw silicon lattice doped with phosphorus showing free electron
- Identify electrons as majority charge carriers

Why do intrinsic semiconductors have low conductivity at room temperature?
Why are group V elements used to create n-type semiconductors?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 257
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Writing materials
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 258
- Periodic table
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 259
- Digital devices
- Manila paper
- Coloured pencils
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 260

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation
- Written assignments - Oral questions - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism

Introduction to Electronics - Applications of conductors, semiconductors, insulators and superconductors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe applications of different material types in electronics
- Explain role of semiconductors in diodes, transistors and integrated circuits
- Connect material applications to everyday devices like phones, computers and MRI machines

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Research applications of conductors, semiconductors, insulators and superconductors
- Discuss applications in electrical wiring, electronics, circuit protection and medical imaging
- Complete table showing materials, types and applications
- Present findings on applications to class

How do semiconductors enable the functioning of modern electronic devices?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 261
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Manila paper

- Written assignments - Oral questions - Observation

Environmental and Space Physics

Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change - Understanding greenhouse effect
Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change - Effects of climate change

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the greenhouse effect in the environment
- Describe how greenhouse gases trap heat
- Relate greenhouse effect to real-life situations like cars in the sun

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss with peers the meaning of greenhouse effect and climate change
- Carry out experiment with thermometers and glass jar in sunlight
- Observe temperature differences

How do human actions impact climate change?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 263
- Two thermometers
- Clear glass jar
- Stopwatch
- Sunlight access
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 265
- Exercise books
- Pens
- Digital devices
- Pictures showing climate change

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Environmental and Space Physics

Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change - Causes of greenhouse effect
Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change - Human contribution

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Outline factors leading to greenhouse effect
- Identify greenhouse gases (CO2, methane, nitrous oxide)
- Relate human activities to increased greenhouse gases

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study pictures showing human activities
- Identify activities contributing to greenhouse effect
- Discuss emissions from vehicles and industries

How do human actions impact climate change?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 267
- Pictures of human activities
- Digital devices
- Charts
- Reference books
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 268
- Pictures of industries

- Group discussions - Written assignments - Presentations

Environmental and Space Physics

Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change - Role of ozone layer
Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change - Solutions to climate change
Introduction to Space Physics - Origin of the universe
Introduction to Space Physics - Supporting evidence
Introduction to Space Physics - Types of celestial bodies

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the effect of ozone layer on climate change
- Describe ozone layer depletion
- Appreciate importance of protecting the ozone layer

- Explain evidence supporting Big Bang Theory
- Describe cosmic microwave background radiation
- Relate redshift to universe expansion

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use digital devices to search for information on ozone layer
- Discuss ozone-depleting substances (CFCs, halons)
- Explain effects of UV radiation
- Carry out balloon expansion activity
- Observe dots moving apart as balloon inflates
- Discuss how this models universe expansion

How does ozone layer depletion threaten our environment?
How was the universe/earth formed?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 269
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Charts showing ozone layer
- Internet access
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 271
- Manila paper
- Marker pens
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 273
- Pictures of night sky
- Charts
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 275
- Balloon
- Marker
- Ruler
- Digital devices
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 276
- Digital devices (QR code pg. 288)
- Solar system models
- Manila paper
- Marker pens

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Presentations
- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Environmental and Space Physics

Introduction to Space Physics - Other celestial objects

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe moons, asteroids and comets
- Explain characteristics of each celestial body
- Relate celestial bodies to solar system organization

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Compare characteristics of different celestial bodies
- Study pictures of moons, asteroids and comets
- Discuss unique features of each

How do we benefit from astrophysics?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 277
- Digital devices
- Pictures of celestial bodies
- Reference books
- Charts

- Oral questions - Written tests - Presentations

Environmental and Space Physics

Introduction to Space Physics - Observing space

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Outline space exploration methods
- Explain how telescopes work
- Appreciate technological advances in space observation

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Search for information on different types of telescopes
- Discuss ground-based and space telescopes
- Compare Hubble and James Webb telescopes

How do we benefit from astrophysics?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 278
- Digital devices
- Pictures of telescopes
- Reference books
- Internet access

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Presentations

Environmental and Space Physics

Introduction to Space Physics - Space technology

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how satellites and space probes work
- Describe Kenya's Taifa-1 satellite
- Appreciate applications of satellites in daily life

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Research satellites and their functions
- Discuss communication and weather satellites
- Study space probes sent to planets

How do we benefit from astrophysics?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 279
- Digital devices
- Pictures of satellites
- Reference books
- Charts

- Oral questions - Written tests - Group discussions

Environmental and Space Physics

Introduction to Space Physics - Planetary motion
Introduction to Space Physics - Solar system structure

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the motion of planets around the sun
- Distinguish between rotation and revolution
- Appreciate gravitational forces in planetary motion

- Model the solar system using local materials
- Demonstrate planetary orbits
- Appreciate scale and organization of solar system

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Watch videos on planetary motion
- Compare rotation and revolution of planets
- Discuss orbital periods of different planets
- Create model of solar system using paper balls
- Paint planets in appropriate colors
- Arrange planets in correct order with distances

How do we benefit from astrophysics?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 281
- Digital devices
- Videos on planetary motion
- Reference books
- Charts
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 282
- Crushed paper balls
- Paints
- Wooden strip
- Thread
- Glue

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests
- Project work - Practical assessment - Peer assessment

Environmental and Space Physics

Introduction to Space Physics - History of space exploration

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Outline the evolution of astrophysics and space exploration
- Describe major milestones in space exploration
- Appreciate technological progress in space science

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Research evolution of space exploration
- Discuss early observations and telescope revolution
- Study the space age and modern missions

How do we benefit from astrophysics?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 283
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Pictures of space missions
- Internet access

- Presentations - Written assignments - Oral questions

Environmental and Space Physics

Introduction to Space Physics - Space-related careers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify careers in space exploration
- Describe roles of astronauts, engineers and scientists
- Appreciate diverse career opportunities in space science

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Simulate moon mission planning activity
- Identify careers needed for space missions
- Discuss skills required for different careers

How do we benefit from astrophysics?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 285
- Small pieces of paper
- Writing materials
- Career cards
- Digital devices

- Group activities - Presentations - Oral questions

Environmental and Space Physics

Introduction to Space Physics - Benefits of space exploration
Environmental and Space Physics - Comprehensive review

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe how space exploration benefits Earth
- Explain applications of satellites in communication and weather
- Appreciate technology transfer from space programs

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss GPS, weather forecasting and communication satellites
- Research medical and technological spin-offs
- Examine Kenya's involvement in space programs

How do we benefit from astrophysics?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 280
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Pictures of applications
- Internet access
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 272, 287
- Exercise books
- Past papers

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Presentations