Tools and Production

Project - Identifying problems in locality

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify problems in locality that can be solved using Pre-Technical Studies skills
- Record problems observed
- Show interest in problem-solving

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Tour different areas in locality with teacher
- Observe surroundings and activities
- Interact with people and ask about challenges
- Administer questionnaire on problems in locality

What problems exist in our locality?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 153
- Questionnaires
- Recording devices (cameras, notebooks)
- Interview guide
- Permission letters

- Observation - Field notes - Questionnaire responses - Oral presentations

Tools and Production

Project - Identifying problems continued
Project - Selecting problem to solve

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Record findings on problems identified
- Organize information about problems
- Value community engagement

- Select a problem that can be solved using Pre-Technical Studies skills
- Justify problem selection
- Show critical thinking

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Record responses using table format
- Take photographs of areas visited (with permission)
- Note causes of problems
- Document attempted solutions
- Identify skills learned in Pre-Technical Studies
- Discuss problems that can be solved using those skills
- Select one problem to tackle
- Describe how solving problem benefits community

How can we document problems in the locality?
Which problem can we solve using our skills?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 153
- Cameras/smartphones
- Recording sheets
- Notebooks
- Data organization tools
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 153
- Problem list from field visit
- Skills inventory
- Selection criteria
- Discussion materials

- Field reports - Photographs - Organized data - Presentations
- Group discussions - Problem analysis - Oral presentations - Written justification

Tools and Production

Project - Presenting identified problem

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Create presentation about identified problem
- Present findings effectively
- Value clear communication

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use manila paper or presentation software
- Include: areas visited, problems identified, causes, selected problem, skills to be used
- Present to class
- Receive feedback

How can we present our findings effectively?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 153
- Manila paper/digital presentation tools
- Markers
- Projector (if available)
- Presentation rubrics

- Presentations - Oral questions - Peer feedback - Assessment rubrics

Tools and Production

Project - Searching for solutions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify possible solutions to the problem
- Research items that can solve the problem
- Show research skills

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss how problem can be solved (handmade/digital items)
- Identify items that can solve the problem
- Use internet and textbooks to research solutions
- Record findings in table format

What items can solve the identified problem?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 153
- Digital devices with internet
- Reference textbooks
- Research templates
- Recording sheets

- Research notes - Tables completed - Oral presentations - Written reports

Tools and Production

Project - Discussing possible solutions
Project - Sketching selected item

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Discuss possible items to make
- Consider materials, skills, cost and time
- Make informed decisions

- Sketch the selected item
- Find steps for making the item
- Show creativity in design

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study research findings
- Discuss possible items for solving problem
- Consider: materials needed, skills required, cost, time
- Select one item to make
- Make freehand sketches of selected item
- Use digital devices or textbooks to find making steps
- Note down steps in sequence
- Refine sketches based on research

How do we select the best solution?
How should the item be designed?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 153
- Research findings
- Decision-making matrix
- Cost estimation tools
- Discussion guides
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 153
- Drawing paper
- Pencils and erasers
- Digital devices
- Reference materials

- Group discussions - Decision justification - Written analysis - Oral presentations
- Sketches - Step-by-step plans - Creativity assessment - Portfolio

Tools and Production

Project - Identifying materials and tools
Project - Collecting materials and tools

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify materials needed for the project
- Identify tools required
- Value resource planning

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Research materials and tools needed
- Make comprehensive list
- Identify sources in community
- Prioritize locally available materials

What materials and tools do we need?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 153
- Research materials
- Digital devices
- Material catalogs
- List templates
- Collection containers
- Transportation means
- Permission letters
- Safety equipment

- Materials list - Tools list - Source identification - Written reports

Tools and Production

Project - Making the item (Part 1)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Begin making the designed item
- Follow safety procedures
- Show practical skills

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Put on appropriate safety gear
- Assemble materials and tools
- Inspect tools for good condition
- Begin following steps to make item

How do we start making our project item?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 153
- Collected materials
- Required tools
- Personal protective equipment
- Step-by-step guide

- Practical work - Observation - Progress monitoring - Safety checklist

Tools and Production

Project - Making the item (Part 2)
Project - Making the item (Part 3)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Continue making the item
- Apply skills learned in Pre-Technical Studies
- Value perseverance

- Continue working on the project item
- Overcome challenges encountered
- Show determination

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Continue following steps to make item
- Seek help from teacher or expert when needed
- Apply appropriate techniques
- Monitor progress
- Work on item following design specifications
- Address any challenges that arise
- Make adjustments as necessary
- Continue toward completion

How do we continue developing our project?
How do we overcome project challenges?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 153
- Materials and tools
- PPE
- Expert assistance
- Progress checklist
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 153
- Materials and tools
- PPE
- Problem-solving guides
- Teacher/expert support

- Practical work - Skills demonstration - Progress assessment - Problem-solving
- Practical work - Problem-solving - Progress monitoring - Oral questions

Tools and Production

Project - Making the item (Part 4)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Continue making the project item
- Refine work for quality
- Value quality workmanship

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Continue making the item
- Pay attention to details and quality
- Refine rough edges or imperfections
- Prepare for final stages

How can we ensure quality in our project?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 153
- Materials and tools
- PPE
- Quality checklist
- Finishing materials

- Practical work - Quality assessment - Observation - Progress review

Tools and Production

Project - Completing the item

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Complete making the item
- Clean working area and tools
- Show responsibility

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Complete final steps in making item
- Add finishing touches
- Clean working area
- Clean and store tools properly

How do we complete and finish our project?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 153
- Materials and tools
- Cleaning materials
- Storage facilities
- Finishing supplies

- Completed project - Cleanliness observation - Tool care assessment - Responsibility check

Tools and Production

Project - Estimating costs
Project - Presenting the item

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Estimate cost of making the item
- Calculate selling price
- Show financial literacy

- Present completed item to class
- Explain how item solves the problem
- Value peer feedback

In groups, learners are guided to:
- List all expenses incurred in making item
- Calculate total cost
- Determine appropriate profit margin
- Calculate selling price (Cost + Profit)
- Present item to whole class
- Describe problem it solves
- Explain making process
- Receive comments from classmates

How do we determine the price of our item?
How does our item solve the identified problem?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 153
- Expense records
- Calculator
- Pricing formula
- Market research data
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 153
- Completed project item
- Presentation materials
- Feedback forms
- Assessment rubrics

- Cost calculations - Price determination - Written reports - Oral explanations
- Presentations - Peer feedback - Oral questions - Project assessment

Tools and Production

Project - Using item to solve problem

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Use item to solve identified problem
- Evaluate effectiveness of solution
- Show problem-solving skills

In groups, learners are guided to:
- With teacher/parent/guardian help, use item in locality
- Observe how it addresses the problem
- Gather feedback from community
- Document effectiveness

How effective is our solution?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 153
- Project item
- Evaluation tools
- Feedback forms
- Documentation materials

- Practical application - Effectiveness evaluation - Community feedback - Written reports

Tools and Production

Project - Reflection and assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Reflect on project experience
- Identify skills acquired
- Value project-based learning

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Share experiences from project work
- Discuss challenges faced and overcome
- Identify skills developed
- Complete self-reflection activities

What did we learn from the project?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 153
- Self-reflection checklist
- Project journals
- Assessment rubrics
- Feedback compilation

- Self-reflection - Peer assessment - Portfolio review - Written reflection

Tools and Production
Entrepreneurship

Project - Review and consolidation
Financial services - Financial institutions in Kenya

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain project development process
- Demonstrate acquired skills
- Appreciate community problem-solving

- Identify financial institutions available in Kenya
- Give examples of financial institutions
- Show interest in financial services

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Review project from problem identification to solution
- Discuss lessons learned
- Share successes and challenges
- Celebrate achievements
- Study diagram showing types of financial institutions
- Identify examples of each type
- Name financial institutions in locality
- Use print or digital media to search for information

How can Pre-Technical Studies skills solve community problems?
What are financial institutions?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 153
- Project documentation
- Completed items
- Reflection materials
- Celebration materials
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 160
- Digital devices
- Pictures of banks and SACCOs
- Financial institution brochures
- Reference materials

- Comprehensive review - Demonstrations - Oral presentations - Portfolio assessment
- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments - List completion

Entrepreneurship

Financial services - Classification of financial institutions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Classify financial institutions as banking or non-banking
- Explain differences between classifications
- Appreciate financial sector organization

- Study learner's presentation on classification
- Discuss banking financial institutions
- Discuss non-banking financial institutions
- Complete table describing each classification

How are financial institutions classified in Kenya?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 160
- Classification chart
- Examples of institutions
- Digital devices
- Comparison table

- Written tests - Table completion - Oral questions - Discussions

Entrepreneurship

Financial services - Services offered

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain services offered by banks
- Describe banking services
- Value financial literacy

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Search for information on services offered by banks
- Study case study on Mr. Mwakazi and his wife
- Discuss deposit acceptance, loans, money transfer
- Learn about investment and foreign exchange services

What services do banks offer?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 160
- Digital devices
- Case study materials
- Bank brochures
- Reference materials

- Oral questions - Written tests - Case study analysis - Discussions

Entrepreneurship

Financial services - Services by other institutions
Reasons for government involvement
Government and business - Ways of involvement

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain services offered by insurance companies, micro-finance institutions and SACCOs
- Compare services of different institutions
- Appreciate diversity of financial services

- Explain reasons for government involvement in business
- Discuss benefits of government participation
- Appreciate government's economic role

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss services offered by insurance companies
- Learn about micro-finance services
- Discuss SACCO services
- Create presentation on financial services
- Study pictures showing government services
- Brainstorm reasons for government involvement
- Discuss flashcards on government participation
- Give examples for each reason

What services do different financial institutions offer?
Why is the government involved in business?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 160
- Digital devices
- Presentation materials
- Service comparison chart
- Manila paper
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 169
- Pictures of public services
- Flashcards
- Digital devices
- Discussion guides
- Pictures showing enforcement
- Licensing examples
- Quality standards documents

- Presentations - Written tests - Oral questions - Comparison charts
- Oral questions - Written tests - Presentations - Discussions

Entrepreneurship

Government and business - Training and development

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain government provision of training
- Discuss promotion of trade and economic development
- Appreciate government support for businesses

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Learn about government training institutions
- Discuss how government promotes trade
- Study provision of subsidies and incentives
- Learn about protection of local industries

How does government support business development?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 169
- Digital devices
- Examples of training institutions
- Trade policy documents
- Reference materials

- Written tests - Oral questions - Discussions - Written assignments

Entrepreneurship

Government and business - Types of taxes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning and importance of taxes
- Identify types of taxes in Kenya
- Value tax payment

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study pictures of public facilities
- Discuss meaning and importance of paying taxes
- Search for information on types of taxes
- Learn about income tax, VAT, corporate tax

What is tax and why is it important?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 169
- Pictures of public facilities
- Digital devices
- Tax information materials
- Reference materials

- Oral questions - Written tests - Discussions - Research notes

Entrepreneurship

Government and business - Types of taxes continued
Government and business - e-Government services

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain excise duty and PAYE
- Describe current tax rates
- Show understanding of taxation system

- Explain meaning of e-Government services
- Identify e-Government platforms
- Appreciate digital government services

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss excise duty on specific goods
- Learn about Pay As You Earn (PAYE)
- Find out current rates of each tax type
- Complete word search on government and business
- Read and analyze case study on e-Citizen
- Discuss e-Government services in business
- Learn about business registration and licensing online
- Discuss benefits of e-Government

What are the different types of taxes in Kenya?
What are e-Government services?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 169
- Tax rate information
- Digital devices
- Word search puzzles
- KRA materials
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 169
- Case study materials
- Digital devices
- E-Government platform access
- Reference materials

- Written tests - Word search completion - Oral questions - Research reports
- Case study analysis - Oral questions - Written tests - Discussions

Entrepreneurship

Government and business - Accessing e-Government

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Access e-Government platforms
- Navigate e-Citizen and other platforms
- Show digital literacy

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Access e-Citizen website with teacher guidance
- Explore services offered
- Visit iTax platform
- Navigate Huduma Kenya website

How can we access e-Government services?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 169
- Computers/smartphones
- Internet connection
- E-Government platforms
- Navigation guide

- Practical work - Observation - Navigation skills - Written reports

Entrepreneurship

Government and business - Review and compliance

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain importance of complying with regulations
- Review government involvement in business
- Value regulatory compliance

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss need to comply with government regulations
- Review key concepts on government and business
- Complete assessment activities
- Reflect on learning

Why should businesses comply with government regulations?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 169
- Assessment tools
- Self-reflection checklist
- Case scenarios
- Regulation examples

- Written tests - Oral questions - Self-reflection - Discussions

Entrepreneurship

Business plan - Importance in entrepreneurship
Business plan - Components

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of a business plan
- Describe importance of business plans
- Show interest in business planning

- Identify components of a business plan
- Explain executive summary and business description
- Appreciate business plan structure

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study entrepreneur's story about business planning
- Discuss meaning of business plan
- Search for information on importance of business plans
- Watch video on business plan importance
- Study chart showing business plan components
- Read case studies on business plan components
- Discuss executive summary and business description
- Study sample business plan sections

What is a business plan and why is it important?
What are the components of a business plan?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 180
- Digital devices
- Video clips
- Sample business plans
- Reference materials
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 180
- Business plan samples
- Case study materials
- Chart of components
- Digital devices

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments - Video analysis
- Oral questions - Written tests - Case study analysis - Component identification