Statistical Methods

Introduction and Compound Bar Graphs
Compound Bar Graphs - Analysis and Construction Practice
Compound Bar Graphs - Interpretation and Advantages/Disadvantages

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Analyse and interpret statistical data
Present statistical data using appropriate methods
Highlight steps followed when constructing compound/cumulative bar graphs
Find totals and cumulative totals for data

Q/A to review basic statistical concepts and simple bar graphs; Exposition of steps followed when constructing compound bar graphs; Guided activity using Table 1.1 crop production data; Practice finding cumulative totals and suitable scales

Graph paper, Rulers, Calculators, Table 1.1 crop production data
Colored pencils for shading, Construction materials, Table 1.2 data
Previously constructed graphs, Analysis worksheets

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 1-3

Statistical Methods

Proportional Circles - Construction Methods
Proportional Circles - Area Method and Analysis
Simple Pie Charts - Construction
Proportional Divided Circles - Construction
Pie Charts - Analysis and Interpretation
Advantages and Disadvantages of All Methods

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Construct proportional circles using diameter method
Round off totals to nearest thousand
Select suitable scale for diameters
Use radii figures to draw different circles

Students determine value of angles for variables; Exposition of proportional circles concept; Demonstration using Table 1.3 sugar production data; Guided calculation of radii using suitable scales; Drawing of circles using calculated radii

Calculators, Compasses, Table 1.3 sugar production data, Plain paper
Square root tables, Construction materials, Table 1.6 data
Protractors, Compasses, Land use data example, Colored pencils
Table 1.9 mortality data, Square root tables, Construction materials
Constructed pie charts, Fig. 1.4 and Fig. 1.5 references, Analysis guidelines
Comparison charts, Various sample statistical presentations, Method evaluation criteria

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 3-5

Map Work

Introduction and Precautions in Map Reading
Landforms - Dissected and Rolling Relief
Hilly/Mountainous Relief, Valleys and Slope Types
Spurs, Passes, Saddles, Ridges and Major Landforms
Vegetation and Natural Hydrographic Features
Drainage Patterns and Other Water Features

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify and describe physical features on topographical maps
Identify and describe human activities on topographical maps
Outline precautions observed when describing physical features and human activities
Use appropriate phrases when reading maps
Identify interlocking and truncated spurs using contour patterns
Distinguish between passes and saddles using transport lines
Recognize ridges, escarpments and plateaus
Identify water-related features like peninsulas, bays and watersheds

Q/A session reviewing maps and mapwork from Forms 1 and 2; Exposition of precautions when describing physical and human features; Discussion on appropriate and inappropriate phrases; Practice using correct directional terms instead of "left", "right", "top", "bottom"
Exposition of spurs using Figures 2.7(a), (b); Analysis of passes and saddles using Figure 2.8; Study of ridges, escarpments and plateaus using Figures 2.9, 2.10, 2.11; Explanation of water features and watersheds using Figure 2.12

Topographical maps, Sample phrases worksheet, Compass directions chart
Topographical maps showing different relief types, Figure 2.1 and 2.2 from textbook, Tracing paper
Figures 2.3(a), (b), 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, Examples from Kisii Highlands, Sample topographical maps with various slopes
Figures 2.7-2.12, Examples of Marich Pass, Kikuyu Plateau, Uyoma Peninsula, Topographical maps showing landforms
Figure 2.13 vegetation key, Figures 2.14(a)-(c), Maps showing vegetation and rivers, Symbol identification charts
Figures 2.15-2.22, Sample maps with different drainage patterns, Pattern identification worksheets, Artificial features examples

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 11-13
Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 17-22

Map Work

Climate Interpretation and Economic Activities
Manufacturing, Services, Transport and Settlement Factors
Settlement Patterns and Map Enlargement/Reduction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Use drainage, vegetation and human activities evidence to interpret climate
Identify agricultural activities through plantation symbols and processing facilities
Recognize mining, forestry and fishing activities using appropriate evidence
Distinguish between small scale and large scale farming indicators

Discussion of climate interpretation using map evidence; Analysis of plantation farming symbols and estate names; Study of mining evidence: symbols, processing plants; Identification of forestry through saw-mills and forest reserves; Recognition of fishing through facilities and co-operatives

Climate interpretation guidelines, Maps showing agricultural and mining areas, Processing facility examples, Economic activity symbols chart
Manufacturing symbols, Service facility examples, Transport mode indicators, Figures 2.23(a), (b), 2.24, Settlement factor analysis worksheets
Figures 2.25(b)-(d), Table 2.1, Figures 2.26(a), (b), Graph paper, Rulers, Sample maps for enlargement practice

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 25-28

Map Work
External Land Forming Processes
External Land Forming Processes

Drawing Cross-Sections and Profiles
Vertical Exaggeration, Gradient and Intervisibility
Introduction and Definition of Weathering
Agents of Weathering
Factors Influencing Weathering
Rock Structure, Texture and Physical Weathering Introduction
Physical Weathering Processes - Block Disintegration and Exfoliation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Draw cross-sections using proper steps and procedures
Calculate amplitude of relief and determine vertical scales
Plot heights accurately and draw smooth curves
Annotate cross-sections with appropriate labels using downward facing arrows
Explain how climate elements influence weathering rates
Analyze role of plants and animals in weathering processes
Describe how relief affects weathering on different slopes
Examine chemical composition effects: color differences and mineral composition

Step-by-step demonstration of cross-section construction using Figure 2.29; Practice calculating amplitude and selecting appropriate scales; Guided construction of cross-sections with proper plotting techniques; Training on annotation methods with downward arrows only
Brain storming on weathering factors; Discussion of climatic elements: sunshine, rain, frost, temperatures; Analysis of plant and animal contributions; Study of relief influence on weathering rates; Examination of rock color absorption and mineral composition effects

Figure 2.29 cross-section example, Graph paper, Strip paper for plotting, Rulers and pencils, Sample topographical maps for practice
Table 2.2 interpretation guide, Figure 2.30 gradient example, Figure 2.31 intervisibility, Calculators, Logarithm tables
Charts showing external vs internal processes, Rock samples showing weathering effects, Diagrams of weathering agents
Rock samples, Temperature demonstration materials, Water pH testing materials, Examples of plant root damage to rocks
Climate charts, Relief diagrams, Rock samples of different colors and compositions, Examples from highland and lowland areas
Figures 3.1(a), (b), Rock samples showing different crystal sizes, Examples from Bunyore, Seme Hills, Sang'alo areas
Figure 3.3 rock blocks, Figures 3.4 and 3.5 exfoliation examples, Temperature demonstration materials, Examples from desert regions

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 34-36
Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 44-45

External Land Forming Processes

Physical Weathering - Granular Disintegration, Frost Action and Crystal Growth
Physical Weathering - Slaking and Pressure Release
Chemical Weathering Processes - Solution and Hydrolysis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain granular disintegration in heterogeneous rocks
Describe freezing and thawing effects in tundra and mountain regions
Identify frost action results: congelifraction, scree, talus
Analyze crystal growth in dry climates leading to alveoli and taffoni formation

Exposition of granular disintegration using Figure 3.6; Detailed discussion of frost action using Figure 3.7; Analysis of congelifraction and angular fragment formation; Study of crystal growth and crystallisation processes; Examples from Mounts Kenya, Kilimanjaro, Rwenzori and Ol Njorowa Gorge

Figure 3.6 granular disintegration, Figure 3.7 frost action, Figure 3.8 Ol Njorowa Gorge, Examples from East African mountains
Examples from coastal Kenya, Granitic rock samples, Areas experiencing pressure release, Activity 3.4 practical demonstration
Chemical equation charts, Examples of salt pans, Rock samples containing feldspar, Areas showing hydrolysis: Wundanyi, Bunyore

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 48-50

External Land Forming Processes

Chemical Weathering - Oxidation, Carbonation and Hydration
Chemical Weathering Results and Biological Weathering
Biological Weathering - Human Activities and Significance of Weathering

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain oxidation process in iron-containing rocks
Describe carbonation affecting calcium carbonate rocks
Analyze hydration as water absorption causing rock expansion
Identify areas and examples of these weathering processes

Study of oxidation chemical equation and ferric oxide formation; Analysis of carbonation process using chemical equation; Discussion of limestone dissolution and calcium bicarbonate formation; Explanation of hydration process and spheroidal weathering; Examples from coastal limestone areas: Kambe, Bamburi, Kilifi

Chemical equation demonstrations, Rock samples showing oxidation effects, Limestone samples, Examples of spheroidal weathering in basalt
Figure 3.9 tors examples, Figure 3.10 tree root action, Examples of biological weathering in local environment, Human activity examples
Figure 3.11 quarrying, Examples of industrial weathering, Acid rain demonstration materials, Local examples of human-induced weathering

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 53-56

External Land Forming Processes
Mass Wasting
Mass Wasting

Significance of Weathering and Economic Importance
Introduction, Definition and Factors Influencing Mass Wasting
Slow Mass Wasting Processes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain weathering importance in soil formation processes
Describe weathering role in quarrying and construction industries
Identify weathering creating tourist attractions
Analyze economic products from weathering: bauxite, kaolite, clay

Exposition of weathering as initial stage in soil formation; Discussion of quarrying importance for building and construction; Analysis of tourist attractions: Kit Mikayi, Crying Stone using Figure 3.12; Study of economic products: bauxite from hydrolysis, kaolite from granite rotting, clay for pottery and bricks

Figure 3.12 Crying Stone of Kakamega, Examples of weathering tourist sites, Economic product samples, Engineering consideration examples
Charts showing gravity effects, Slope demonstrations, Rock samples, Climate charts, Examples of human activities
Figures 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, Examples from mountains, Soil movement demonstrations, Cold climate examples

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 60-61

Mass Wasting
The Hydrological Cycle

Rapid Mass Wasting - Earthflows, Mudflows and Avalanches
Landslides - Types and Characteristics
Effects of Mass Wasting on Physical and Human Environment
Introduction and Definition
Input and Output Processes
Internal Transfer Processes
Storage Processes and Significance

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe earthflows in humid areas with shallow scars and terminal points
Explain mudflows as super-saturated material with high water content
Define avalanches as gravitational fall of ice and rock material
Analyze factors influencing rapid movements and compare characteristics
Identify precipitation as main input in various forms: dew, rainfall, mist, snow, fog
Explain evaporation as physical process of moisture loss to atmosphere
Describe transpiration as biological process of water loss from plants
Analyze factors affecting evaporation and transpiration rates

Study of earthflows using Figure 4.4; Analysis of mudflow formation, factors and examples from North Eastern Kenya; Discussion of avalanche characteristics in temperate regions; Comparison of movement speeds, water content and locations; Examples from volcanic slopes and arctic regions
Exposition of precipitation forms and conditions for occurrence; Detailed discussion of evaporation process and factors: humidity, temperature, wind, sunshine hours, water characteristics; Analysis of transpiration through stomata and lenticles; Study of evapotranspiration as combined process

Figure 4.4 earthflows, Mudflow examples, Avalanche examples from temperate regions, Factor comparison charts
Figures 4.5, 4.6 slump examples, Road cutting examples, Rock samples, Examples from Uganda and Kenya
Figures 4.9, 4.10, Soil fertility examples, Disaster case studies, Environmental conservation examples
Figure 5.1 hydrological cycle diagram, Water circulation demonstrations, System component charts
Precipitation examples, Evaporation demonstration materials, Plant samples showing stomata, Factor analysis charts
Vegetation interception examples, Runoff demonstration materials, Soil infiltration samples, Percolation process diagrams
Water storage examples, Ground water table diagrams, Ice storage examples, Significance analysis charts

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 56-57
Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 63-65

ACTION OF RIVERS

Definition of Terms Related to Rivers
River Erosion Processes
River Transportation and Deposition
Youthful Stage Features
Mature Stage Features
Old Stage Features - Alluvial Fans and Flood Plains

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define rivers, source, mouth, tributaries, confluence, drainage basin, watershed, interfluves. Identify components of river systems on maps.

Q/A to review hydrological cycle. Explanation of river terminology with Kenyan examples. Drawing and labeling river system diagrams.

Maps of Kenya, river system charts, textbooks
Water containers, sand, rock samples, demonstration materials
Containers, different sized particles, water, magnifying glasses
Clay/plasticine, topographical maps, pictures of waterfalls, drawing materials
Comparison charts, cross-section diagrams, colored pencils
Sand, water, modeling trays, maps showing flood plains, diagrams

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 68-69

ACTION OF RIVERS

Old Stage Features - Meanders and Ox-bow Lakes
Old Stage Features - Levees, Braided Channels, and Deferred Tributaries
Delta Formation and Types
River Profile Summary
River Capture

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain meander formation through lateral erosion on concave banks. Describe ox-bow lake development from cut-off meanders.

Practical demonstration of meander formation using stream tables. Drawing meander development sequence leading to ox-bow lakes. Discussion of Kenyan examples.

Stream tables, sand, water, sequential diagrams, pictures of ox-bow lakes
Cross-section diagrams, aerial photographs, flood plain maps
Maps of river deltas, diagrams of delta types, aerial photographs
Large drawing paper, colored pencils, summary charts, profile diagrams
Maps of Kenya, capture process diagrams, case study materials

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 82-84

ACTION OF RIVERS

River Rejuvenation
Drainage Patterns
Drainage Systems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define river rejuvenation and distinguish dynamic vs static rejuvenation. Describe resultant features: river terraces, incised meanders, rejuvenation gorges, knick points.

Discussion of rejuvenation causes (base level changes, increased discharge). Drawing rejuvenation features with examples from coastal Kenya rivers.

Rejuvenation feature diagrams, pictures of incised meanders, maps of coastal Kenya
Pattern diagrams, maps of Mt. Kenya and Rift Valley, colored pencils
Geological maps, drainage system diagrams, cross-sections

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 86-89

ACTION OF RIVERS

Significance of Rivers - Positive Effects
Significance of Rivers - Negative Effects and Water Conservation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain rivers' roles in water supply, irrigation, transport, HEP generation, port facilities, building materials, boundaries, fishing, tourism.

Discussion of urban water supplies from rivers. Analysis of HEP projects and irrigation schemes. Review of river-based economic activities.

Maps of water systems, pictures of dams and ports, economic activity charts
Pictures of floods, case study materials, Water Act summary

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 94-96