Statistical Methods

Introduction and Compound Bar Graphs
Compound Bar Graphs - Analysis and Construction Practice

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Analyse and interpret statistical data
Present statistical data using appropriate methods
Highlight steps followed when constructing compound/cumulative bar graphs
Find totals and cumulative totals for data

Q/A to review basic statistical concepts and simple bar graphs; Exposition of steps followed when constructing compound bar graphs; Guided activity using Table 1.1 crop production data; Practice finding cumulative totals and suitable scales

Graph paper, Rulers, Calculators, Table 1.1 crop production data
Colored pencils for shading, Construction materials, Table 1.2 data

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 1-3

Statistical Methods

Compound Bar Graphs - Interpretation and Advantages/Disadvantages
Proportional Circles - Construction Methods

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Interpret compound/cumulative bar graphs
State advantages and disadvantages of compound/cumulative bar graphs
Comment on trend of each variable
Suggest possible reasons to explain trends

Probing questions and brief discussion on interpretation; Analysis of trends in agricultural production; Exposition of advantages: different variables on one bar, clear totals, clear comparisons; Discussion of disadvantages: tedious calculations, false impressions, interpretation difficulties

Previously constructed graphs, Analysis worksheets
Calculators, Compasses, Table 1.3 sugar production data, Plain paper

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 2-4

Statistical Methods

Proportional Circles - Area Method and Analysis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Find square roots of each set of data
Choose suitable scale for calculating radii
Draw circles using different radii
Make observations about highest and lowest output

Guided discovery of area method using square roots; Calculations using Table 1.6 square root values; Construction practice with area proportional method; Analysis of Fig. 1.2 and Fig. 1.3; Discussion of production trends from 2015-2018

Square root tables, Construction materials, Table 1.6 data

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 4-6

Statistical Methods

Simple Pie Charts - Construction
Proportional Divided Circles - Construction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Systematically convert each component as percentage of whole
Convert percentage into degrees (360° = 100%)
Draw circle of convenient size using compass
Measure and draw calculated angles using protractor

Students determine value of angles for the variables; Exposition of conversion from raw data to percentages to degrees; Guided practical activity using land use example; Practice measuring angles starting with largest segment clockwise; Brief discussion on proper labeling and shading

Protractors, Compasses, Land use data example, Colored pencils
Table 1.9 mortality data, Square root tables, Construction materials

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 5-7

Statistical Methods

Pie Charts - Analysis and Interpretation
Advantages and Disadvantages of All Methods

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Establish contribution of variable in percentage
Identify circles representing total values
Describe nature of variables in segments
Compare circle sizes and segment proportions

Analysis of Fig. 1.4 land use pie chart; Detailed discussion of Fig. 1.5 proportional divided circles; Practice establishing percentage contributions; Oral questions and brief discussion on HIV/AIDS as leading cause; Group work analyzing different pie charts

Constructed pie charts, Fig. 1.4 and Fig. 1.5 references, Analysis guidelines
Comparison charts, Various sample statistical presentations, Method evaluation criteria

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 7-9

Map Work

Introduction and Precautions in Map Reading

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify and describe physical features on topographical maps
Identify and describe human activities on topographical maps
Outline precautions observed when describing physical features and human activities
Use appropriate phrases when reading maps

Q/A session reviewing maps and mapwork from Forms 1 and 2; Exposition of precautions when describing physical and human features; Discussion on appropriate and inappropriate phrases; Practice using correct directional terms instead of "left", "right", "top", "bottom"

Topographical maps, Sample phrases worksheet, Compass directions chart

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 11-13

Map Work

Landforms - Dissected and Rolling Relief

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify landforms using contours, conventional signs and names
Describe dissected relief using crooked and irregular contours
Identify rolling landform characteristics
Interpret relief patterns from topographical maps

Study the map before looking at the key; Exposition of dissected relief characteristics; Analysis of Figure 2.1 and Figure 2.2; Practice identifying crooked contours and undulating relief; Guided interpretation of landform patterns

Topographical maps showing different relief types, Figure 2.1 and 2.2 from textbook, Tracing paper

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 12-14

Map Work

Landforms - Dissected and Rolling Relief

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify landforms using contours, conventional signs and names
Describe dissected relief using crooked and irregular contours
Identify rolling landform characteristics
Interpret relief patterns from topographical maps

Study the map before looking at the key; Exposition of dissected relief characteristics; Analysis of Figure 2.1 and Figure 2.2; Practice identifying crooked contours and undulating relief; Guided interpretation of landform patterns

Topographical maps showing different relief types, Figure 2.1 and 2.2 from textbook, Tracing paper

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 12-14

Map Work

Hilly/Mountainous Relief, Valleys and Slope Types

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify hilly or mountainous relief characteristics
Recognize V-shaped valleys and U-shaped contours
Determine nature of slope using contour patterns, spacing and height
Distinguish between even, convex and concave slopes

Detailed discussion on hilly/mountainous relief using Figure 2.3(a); Study of valley formation using Figure 2.3(b); Explanation of slope types using Figures 2.4, 2.5, and 2.6; Practice identifying slope characteristics and intervisibility

Figures 2.3(a), (b), 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, Examples from Kisii Highlands, Sample topographical maps with various slopes

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 14-17

Map Work

Spurs, Passes, Saddles, Ridges and Major Landforms

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify interlocking and truncated spurs using contour patterns
Distinguish between passes and saddles using transport lines
Recognize ridges, escarpments and plateaus
Identify water-related features like peninsulas, bays and watersheds

Exposition of spurs using Figures 2.7(a), (b); Analysis of passes and saddles using Figure 2.8; Study of ridges, escarpments and plateaus using Figures 2.9, 2.10, 2.11; Explanation of water features and watersheds using Figure 2.12

Figures 2.7-2.12, Examples of Marich Pass, Kikuyu Plateau, Uyoma Peninsula, Topographical maps showing landforms

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 17-22

Map Work

Vegetation and Natural Hydrographic Features

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify vegetation types and symbols on topographical maps
Distinguish between perennial, intermittent and disappearing rivers
Recognize natural hydrographic features using appropriate symbols
Describe vegetation distribution and suggest influencing factors

Study of Figure 2.13 vegetation key and symbols; Analysis of Figure 2.14(a), (b), (c) showing different river types; Practice identifying vegetation distribution patterns; Discussion of factors causing different river types and vegetation patterns

Figure 2.13 vegetation key, Figures 2.14(a)-(c), Maps showing vegetation and rivers, Symbol identification charts

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 19-22

Map Work

Drainage Patterns and Other Water Features

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify all drainage patterns: dendritic, trellis, rectangular, radial, annular, centripetal and parallel
Suggest geological conditions for each drainage pattern
Recognize lakes, swamps, waterfalls and artificial hydrographic features
Use water features to interpret climate and geological conditions

Detailed discussion of all drainage patterns using Figures 2.15-2.21; Analysis of tributary junction angles and geological implications; Study of Figure 2.22 showing artificial features; Practice identifying patterns and making geological interpretations

Figures 2.15-2.22, Sample maps with different drainage patterns, Pattern identification worksheets, Artificial features examples

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 22-25

Map Work

Climate Interpretation and Economic Activities

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Use drainage, vegetation and human activities evidence to interpret climate
Identify agricultural activities through plantation symbols and processing facilities
Recognize mining, forestry and fishing activities using appropriate evidence
Distinguish between small scale and large scale farming indicators

Discussion of climate interpretation using map evidence; Analysis of plantation farming symbols and estate names; Study of mining evidence: symbols, processing plants; Identification of forestry through saw-mills and forest reserves; Recognition of fishing through facilities and co-operatives

Climate interpretation guidelines, Maps showing agricultural and mining areas, Processing facility examples, Economic activity symbols chart

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 25-28

Map Work

Manufacturing, Services, Transport and Settlement Factors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify manufacturing through processing plants and factories
Recognize service activities and tourism facilities
Identify transport modes: land, air and water transport
Analyze factors influencing settlement: water, defence, health, soils, drainage, transport, relief

Study of manufacturing indicators: mills, ginneries, factories; Analysis of service evidence: shops, markets, communication facilities; Recognition of transport evidence: roads, railways, airstrips; Detailed discussion of settlement factors using Figures 2.23(a), (b) and 2.24

Manufacturing symbols, Service facility examples, Transport mode indicators, Figures 2.23(a), (b), 2.24, Settlement factor analysis worksheets

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 28-31

Map Work

Manufacturing, Services, Transport and Settlement Factors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify manufacturing through processing plants and factories
Recognize service activities and tourism facilities
Identify transport modes: land, air and water transport
Analyze factors influencing settlement: water, defence, health, soils, drainage, transport, relief

Study of manufacturing indicators: mills, ginneries, factories; Analysis of service evidence: shops, markets, communication facilities; Recognition of transport evidence: roads, railways, airstrips; Detailed discussion of settlement factors using Figures 2.23(a), (b) and 2.24

Manufacturing symbols, Service facility examples, Transport mode indicators, Figures 2.23(a), (b), 2.24, Settlement factor analysis worksheets

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 28-31

Map Work

Settlement Patterns and Map Enlargement/Reduction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify nucleated, linear and dispersed settlement patterns
Distinguish between site and position of settlements
Enlarge maps using squares method and determine new dimensions
Reduce maps following same procedures with appropriate scale changes

Analysis of settlement patterns using Figures 2.25(b)-(d); Discussion of settlement site vs position concepts; Demonstration of enlargement procedures using Table 2.1 and Figures 2.26(a), (b); Practice calculating new frame sizes and plotting features accurately

Figures 2.25(b)-(d), Table 2.1, Figures 2.26(a), (b), Graph paper, Rulers, Sample maps for enlargement practice

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 29-34

Map Work

Drawing Cross-Sections and Profiles

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Draw cross-sections using proper steps and procedures
Calculate amplitude of relief and determine vertical scales
Plot heights accurately and draw smooth curves
Annotate cross-sections with appropriate labels using downward facing arrows

Step-by-step demonstration of cross-section construction using Figure 2.29; Practice calculating amplitude and selecting appropriate scales; Guided construction of cross-sections with proper plotting techniques; Training on annotation methods with downward arrows only

Figure 2.29 cross-section example, Graph paper, Strip paper for plotting, Rulers and pencils, Sample topographical maps for practice

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 34-36

Map Work

Vertical Exaggeration, Gradient and Intervisibility

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Calculate vertical exaggeration as ratio of horizontal to vertical scale
Determine appropriate exaggeration using relief amplitude guidelines
Calculate gradient using normal and trigonometric ratios
Determine intervisibility by drawing cross-sections and calculating gradients

Exposition of vertical exaggeration calculation using Table 2.2 guidelines; Demonstration of gradient calculation using Figure 2.30 with both methods; Analysis of intervisibility using Figure 2.31; Practice calculating line of sight and identifying dead ground areas

Table 2.2 interpretation guide, Figure 2.30 gradient example, Figure 2.31 intervisibility, Calculators, Logarithm tables

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 36-39

External Land Forming Processes

Introduction and Definition of Weathering

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define weathering as process of rock breakdown in situ
Explain denudation as collective term for external processes
Distinguish between weathering and other external processes
Identify weathering agents: heat, water, dissolved substances, plants and animals

Q/A session reviewing internal land forming processes from Form Two; Exposition of denudation concept and external processes; Definition of weathering and regolith formation; Discussion of weathering agents and their effects on rocks

Charts showing external vs internal processes, Rock samples showing weathering effects, Diagrams of weathering agents

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 41-42

External Land Forming Processes

Agents of Weathering

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain how heat acts as weathering agent through temperature fluctuations
Describe water as weathering agent including dissociation into hydrogen and hydroxyl ions
Identify role of dissolved substances in increasing weathering ability
Analyze how plants and animals contribute to weathering processes

Detailed discussion of heat effects on rock surfaces and permafrost formation; Explanation of water dissociation and carbonic acid formation; Study of dissolved substances: pollutants, sulphur dioxide, organic compounds; Analysis of plant root penetration and animal burrowing effects

Rock samples, Temperature demonstration materials, Water pH testing materials, Examples of plant root damage to rocks

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 42-44

External Land Forming Processes

Factors Influencing Weathering

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain how climate elements influence weathering rates
Analyze role of plants and animals in weathering processes
Describe how relief affects weathering on different slopes
Examine chemical composition effects: color differences and mineral composition

Brain storming on weathering factors; Discussion of climatic elements: sunshine, rain, frost, temperatures; Analysis of plant and animal contributions; Study of relief influence on weathering rates; Examination of rock color absorption and mineral composition effects

Climate charts, Relief diagrams, Rock samples of different colors and compositions, Examples from highland and lowland areas

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 44-45

External Land Forming Processes

Factors Influencing Weathering

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain how climate elements influence weathering rates
Analyze role of plants and animals in weathering processes
Describe how relief affects weathering on different slopes
Examine chemical composition effects: color differences and mineral composition

Brain storming on weathering factors; Discussion of climatic elements: sunshine, rain, frost, temperatures; Analysis of plant and animal contributions; Study of relief influence on weathering rates; Examination of rock color absorption and mineral composition effects

Climate charts, Relief diagrams, Rock samples of different colors and compositions, Examples from highland and lowland areas

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 44-45

External Land Forming Processes

Rock Structure, Texture and Physical Weathering Introduction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain rock structure as mode of jointing and planes of weakness
Describe texture as crystal size and its weathering effects
Define mechanical weathering as disintegration without chemical changes
Identify areas where physical weathering is common

Exposition of rock structure using Figures 3.1(a), (b) showing spheroidal weathering; Discussion of jointing patterns and resulting weathering types; Analysis of crystal size effects on weathering rates; Introduction to mechanical weathering in vegetation-free areas

Figures 3.1(a), (b), Rock samples showing different crystal sizes, Examples from Bunyore, Seme Hills, Sang'alo areas

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 45-47

External Land Forming Processes

Physical Weathering Processes - Block Disintegration and Exfoliation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe block disintegration through temperature changes and diurnal ranges
Explain exfoliation as peeling off of rock surfaces
Identify formation of exfoliation domes
Analyze conditions leading to these weathering processes

Detailed discussion of block disintegration using Figure 3.3; Analysis of desert temperature conditions and rock expansion/contraction; Study of exfoliation process using Figure 3.4; Examination of exfoliation dome formation using Figure 3.5

Figure 3.3 rock blocks, Figures 3.4 and 3.5 exfoliation examples, Temperature demonstration materials, Examples from desert regions

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 47-48

External Land Forming Processes

Physical Weathering - Granular Disintegration, Frost Action and Crystal Growth

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain granular disintegration in heterogeneous rocks
Describe freezing and thawing effects in tundra and mountain regions
Identify frost action results: congelifraction, scree, talus
Analyze crystal growth in dry climates leading to alveoli and taffoni formation

Exposition of granular disintegration using Figure 3.6; Detailed discussion of frost action using Figure 3.7; Analysis of congelifraction and angular fragment formation; Study of crystal growth and crystallisation processes; Examples from Mounts Kenya, Kilimanjaro, Rwenzori and Ol Njorowa Gorge

Figure 3.6 granular disintegration, Figure 3.7 frost action, Figure 3.8 Ol Njorowa Gorge, Examples from East African mountains

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 48-50

External Land Forming Processes

Physical Weathering - Slaking and Pressure Release

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe slaking as water uptake and loss in clay-containing rocks
Explain pressure release or unloading in exposed rocks
Identify areas experiencing these weathering processes
Analyze sheeting effects in granitic rocks

Discussion of slaking process in clay rocks during wet and dry seasons; Analysis of coastal Jurassic rocks examples: Miritini, Tudor, Port Reitz; Explanation of pressure release as denudation removes overlying rocks; Study of sheeting in granitic areas: Nyika plateau, Machakos, Maragoli, Bunyore

Examples from coastal Kenya, Granitic rock samples, Areas experiencing pressure release, Activity 3.4 practical demonstration

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 50-51

External Land Forming Processes

Chemical Weathering Processes - Solution and Hydrolysis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define chemical weathering as actual decay involving chemical reactions
Explain solution affecting rocks with soluble minerals
Describe hydrolysis as major process in feldspar decay
Analyze chemical equations and products of hydrolysis

Exposition of chemical weathering in humid climates; Discussion of solution process and salt pan formation; Detailed analysis of hydrolysis chemical equation; Study of feldspar breakdown products: clay minerals, potassium carbonate, silica; Examples from North Eastern Kenya, Etosha Pan, Makgadikgadi

Chemical equation charts, Examples of salt pans, Rock samples containing feldspar, Areas showing hydrolysis: Wundanyi, Bunyore

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 51-53

External Land Forming Processes

Chemical Weathering - Oxidation, Carbonation and Hydration

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain oxidation process in iron-containing rocks
Describe carbonation affecting calcium carbonate rocks
Analyze hydration as water absorption causing rock expansion
Identify areas and examples of these weathering processes

Study of oxidation chemical equation and ferric oxide formation; Analysis of carbonation process using chemical equation; Discussion of limestone dissolution and calcium bicarbonate formation; Explanation of hydration process and spheroidal weathering; Examples from coastal limestone areas: Kambe, Bamburi, Kilifi

Chemical equation demonstrations, Rock samples showing oxidation effects, Limestone samples, Examples of spheroidal weathering in basalt

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 53-56

External Land Forming Processes

Chemical Weathering - Oxidation, Carbonation and Hydration

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain oxidation process in iron-containing rocks
Describe carbonation affecting calcium carbonate rocks
Analyze hydration as water absorption causing rock expansion
Identify areas and examples of these weathering processes

Study of oxidation chemical equation and ferric oxide formation; Analysis of carbonation process using chemical equation; Discussion of limestone dissolution and calcium bicarbonate formation; Explanation of hydration process and spheroidal weathering; Examples from coastal limestone areas: Kambe, Bamburi, Kilifi

Chemical equation demonstrations, Rock samples showing oxidation effects, Limestone samples, Examples of spheroidal weathering in basalt

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 53-56

External Land Forming Processes

Chemical Weathering Results and Biological Weathering

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify formation of tors through deep weathering processes
Explain biological weathering through plant action
Describe animal contributions to weathering
Analyze human activities causing weathering

Analysis of tor formation using Figure 3.9; Study of examples: Bunyore, Maragoli, Amukura, Taita Hills, Lukenya, Mavoloni; Detailed discussion of tree root action using Figure 3.10; Examination of plant chemical contributions: algae, mosses, lichen; Analysis of animal effects: cattle pressure, burrowing, chemical excretions

Figure 3.9 tors examples, Figure 3.10 tree root action, Examples of biological weathering in local environment, Human activity examples

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 56-58

External Land Forming Processes

Biological Weathering - Human Activities and Significance of Weathering

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify human activities causing weathering: deforestation, blasting, industrialisation
Explain acid rain effects from industrial emissions
Analyze burning and irrigation contributions to weathering
Discuss significance of weathering in soil formation, construction, tourism and economics

Study of human weathering activities using Figure 3.11 quarrying; Discussion of industrialisation effects: Carbon IV Oxide, sulphur dioxide emissions; Analysis of acid rain formation and corrosive effects; Examples from Copper Belt Zambia, Webuye Kenya; Study of agricultural burning and irrigation effects

Figure 3.11 quarrying, Examples of industrial weathering, Acid rain demonstration materials, Local examples of human-induced weathering

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 58-60

External Land Forming Processes

Significance of Weathering and Economic Importance

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain weathering importance in soil formation processes
Describe weathering role in quarrying and construction industries
Identify weathering creating tourist attractions
Analyze economic products from weathering: bauxite, kaolite, clay

Exposition of weathering as initial stage in soil formation; Discussion of quarrying importance for building and construction; Analysis of tourist attractions: Kit Mikayi, Crying Stone using Figure 3.12; Study of economic products: bauxite from hydrolysis, kaolite from granite rotting, clay for pottery and bricks

Figure 3.12 Crying Stone of Kakamega, Examples of weathering tourist sites, Economic product samples, Engineering consideration examples

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 60-61

Mass Wasting

Introduction, Definition and Factors Influencing Mass Wasting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define mass wasting as downward movement of weathered material under gravity
Distinguish between mass wasting and mass movement
Explain factors influencing mass wasting: slope, material nature, climate, vegetation
Analyze crustal forces and human activities effects

Q/A session reviewing weathering from previous chapter; Exposition of mass wasting concept and gravity influence; Discussion of water's role in overcoming resistance; Brain storming on factors affecting movement: slope angle, rock types, climate effects, vegetation role, human activities

Charts showing gravity effects, Slope demonstrations, Rock samples, Climate charts, Examples of human activities

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 53-54

Mass Wasting

Slow Mass Wasting Processes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define soil creep as slow movement involving fine soil particles
Describe scree (talus) creep as angular waste rock movement on mountains
Explain solifluction as gravitational flow of water-saturated materials
Identify triggers, evidence and effects of slow mass wasting processes

Exposition of soil creep using Figure 4.1 showing effects and evidence; Discussion of triggering factors and infrastructure impacts; Study of scree creep using Figure 4.2 from mountain examples; Analysis of solifluction using Figure 4.3 in cold climates; Examples from Mount Kenya, Kilimanjaro, and local areas

Figures 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, Examples from mountains, Soil movement demonstrations, Cold climate examples

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 54-56

Mass Wasting

Rapid Mass Wasting - Earthflows, Mudflows and Avalanches

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe earthflows in humid areas with shallow scars and terminal points
Explain mudflows as super-saturated material with high water content
Define avalanches as gravitational fall of ice and rock material
Analyze factors influencing rapid movements and compare characteristics

Study of earthflows using Figure 4.4; Analysis of mudflow formation, factors and examples from North Eastern Kenya; Discussion of avalanche characteristics in temperate regions; Comparison of movement speeds, water content and locations; Examples from volcanic slopes and arctic regions

Figure 4.4 earthflows, Mudflow examples, Avalanche examples from temperate regions, Factor comparison charts

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 56-57

Mass Wasting

Rapid Mass Wasting - Earthflows, Mudflows and Avalanches

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe earthflows in humid areas with shallow scars and terminal points
Explain mudflows as super-saturated material with high water content
Define avalanches as gravitational fall of ice and rock material
Analyze factors influencing rapid movements and compare characteristics

Study of earthflows using Figure 4.4; Analysis of mudflow formation, factors and examples from North Eastern Kenya; Discussion of avalanche characteristics in temperate regions; Comparison of movement speeds, water content and locations; Examples from volcanic slopes and arctic regions

Figure 4.4 earthflows, Mudflow examples, Avalanche examples from temperate regions, Factor comparison charts

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 56-57

Mass Wasting

Landslides - Types and Characteristics

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain landslides as sudden movement with small water content
Describe slump as intermittent movement with backward rotation
Distinguish debris slide, debris fall, rock fall and rock slide characteristics
Analyze examples from Kenya and East Africa: Fort Portal, Limuru-Longonot, road cuttings

Introduction to landslide causes and triggering factors; Study of slump development using Figures 4.5 and 4.6; Analysis of debris movements and rock movements; Examination of Kenyan examples: Kabarnet-Iten, Mwatate-Wundanyi, Kaseve roads; Discussion of infrastructure impacts and geological plane movements

Figures 4.5, 4.6 slump examples, Road cutting examples, Rock samples, Examples from Uganda and Kenya

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 57-60

Mass Wasting

Effects of Mass Wasting on Physical and Human Environment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain positive effects: soil fertility enhancement, tourist attractions, lake creation
Analyze negative effects: property damage, loss of life, soil erosion, permanent scars
Identify research centers and environmental awareness benefits
Study specific disaster examples and environmental conservation strategies

Comprehensive analysis using Figure 4.9 summary of mass wasting types; Discussion of positive effects: Miwa, Chemelil-Muhoroni soil fertility from Nandi Hills; Study of negative effects using Figure 4.10 Murang'a landslide; Analysis of major disasters: Kiina College 1968, Nyeri 1985, Murang'a 2000-2018; Environmental conservation strategies and research opportunities

Figures 4.9, 4.10, Soil fertility examples, Disaster case studies, Environmental conservation examples

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 60-61

The Hydrological Cycle

Introduction and Definition

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define hydrological cycle as endless circulation of water from oceans to atmosphere to land
Explain role of sun as energy source driving the cycle
Identify components: inputs, outputs, transfers and storages
Describe hydrological cycle as complete balanced system

Q/A session using questions about water disappearance and return; Discussion of water circulation from sky to land to ocean; Exposition of hydrological cycle definition; Analysis of Figure 5.1 showing complete cycle; Study of system components and energy source

Figure 5.1 hydrological cycle diagram, Water circulation demonstrations, System component charts

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 63

The Hydrological Cycle

Input and Output Processes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify precipitation as main input in various forms: dew, rainfall, mist, snow, fog
Explain evaporation as physical process of moisture loss to atmosphere
Describe transpiration as biological process of water loss from plants
Analyze factors affecting evaporation and transpiration rates

Exposition of precipitation forms and conditions for occurrence; Detailed discussion of evaporation process and factors: humidity, temperature, wind, sunshine hours, water characteristics; Analysis of transpiration through stomata and lenticles; Study of evapotranspiration as combined process

Precipitation examples, Evaporation demonstration materials, Plant samples showing stomata, Factor analysis charts

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 63-65

The Hydrological Cycle

Internal Transfer Processes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain interception as first contact of rain with vegetation
Describe runoff as overland flow when ground cannot absorb water
Define infiltration as vertical water absorption through soil pores
Distinguish percolation as movement through underlying rock layers

Study of interception storage and through fall processes; Analysis of surface storage and ground saturation; Discussion of runoff conditions and overland flow; Examination of infiltration capacity and factors; Study of percolation leading to underground water storage

Vegetation interception examples, Runoff demonstration materials, Soil infiltration samples, Percolation process diagrams

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 65-66

The Hydrological Cycle

Storage Processes and Significance

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify surface water storage: seas, oceans, lakes, swamps
Describe ground water storage above impermeable rocks creating water table
Explain cryosphere as water stored in ice-covered regions
Analyze significance of hydrological cycle in ecological balance and distribution

Discussion of surface water storage through rivers to seas and lakes; Analysis of ground water formation through percolation and infiltration; Study of cryosphere as fresh water store; Examination of cycle significance: ecological balance, rainfall formation, atmospheric unity, oxygen-carbon cycle, water distribution

Water storage examples, Ground water table diagrams, Ice storage examples, Significance analysis charts

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 66-67

ACTION OF RIVERS

Definition of Terms Related to Rivers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define rivers, source, mouth, tributaries, confluence, drainage basin, watershed, interfluves. Identify components of river systems on maps.

Q/A to review hydrological cycle. Explanation of river terminology with Kenyan examples. Drawing and labeling river system diagrams.

Maps of Kenya, river system charts, textbooks

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 68-69

ACTION OF RIVERS

River Erosion Processes
River Transportation and Deposition

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain hydraulic action, corrasion, attrition, and solution processes. Describe factors affecting erosion rate including stream volume, gradient, and bedrock nature.

Demonstration of erosion processes using water and materials. Discussion of factors affecting erosion with practical examples. Students observe erosion effects.

Water containers, sand, rock samples, demonstration materials
Containers, different sized particles, water, magnifying glasses

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 69-72

ACTION OF RIVERS

Youthful Stage Features

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify V-shaped valleys, waterfalls, rapids, gorges, potholes, interlocking spurs. Explain formation through vertical erosion dominance.

Drawing youthful stage features. Discussion of waterfall types with Kenyan examples (Thomson's Falls, Torok Falls). Modeling with clay.

Clay/plasticine, topographical maps, pictures of waterfalls, drawing materials

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 74-80

ACTION OF RIVERS

Mature Stage Features
Old Stage Features - Alluvial Fans and Flood Plains

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe wider valleys, gentler gradients, river bends, bluffs. Explain lateral erosion becoming dominant over vertical erosion.

Comparison of youthful and mature features. Drawing cross-sections showing valley widening. Discussion of transitional characteristics.

Comparison charts, cross-section diagrams, colored pencils
Sand, water, modeling trays, maps showing flood plains, diagrams

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Page 81

ACTION OF RIVERS

Old Stage Features - Meanders and Ox-bow Lakes
Old Stage Features - Levees, Braided Channels, and Deferred Tributaries

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain meander formation through lateral erosion on concave banks. Describe ox-bow lake development from cut-off meanders.

Practical demonstration of meander formation using stream tables. Drawing meander development sequence leading to ox-bow lakes. Discussion of Kenyan examples.

Stream tables, sand, water, sequential diagrams, pictures of ox-bow lakes
Cross-section diagrams, aerial photographs, flood plain maps

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 82-84

ACTION OF RIVERS

Delta Formation and Types

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain delta formation when rivers enter seas/lakes. Describe arcuate, estuarine, and bird's foot delta types with examples (Tana, Rufiji, Lake Victoria deltas).

Drawing different delta types. Detailed discussion of Tana Delta distributaries. Analysis of delta formation conditions.

Maps of river deltas, diagrams of delta types, aerial photographs

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 86-89

ACTION OF RIVERS

River Profile Summary

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Summarize features along youthful, mature, and old stages. Compare dominant processes and resultant landforms at each stage.

Creating comprehensive river profile diagrams. Consolidation exercise comparing all stages. Tabulation of features by river stage.

Large drawing paper, colored pencils, summary charts, profile diagrams

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Page 89

ACTION OF RIVERS

River Capture

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define river capture, pirate river, misfit river, elbow of capture, wind gap. Describe capture process and conditions. Explain Kenyan examples: Tiva-Galana and Sondu-Miriu captures.

Drawing river capture process step-by-step. Detailed case study of Kenyan river captures. Map analysis of capture sites and resultant features.

Maps of Kenya, capture process diagrams, case study materials

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 85-86

ACTION OF RIVERS

River Rejuvenation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define river rejuvenation and distinguish dynamic vs static rejuvenation. Describe resultant features: river terraces, incised meanders, rejuvenation gorges, knick points.

Discussion of rejuvenation causes (base level changes, increased discharge). Drawing rejuvenation features with examples from coastal Kenya rivers.

Rejuvenation feature diagrams, pictures of incised meanders, maps of coastal Kenya

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 86-89

ACTION OF RIVERS

Drainage Patterns

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify and describe dendritic, radial, centripetal, parallel, fault-guided, and trellis drainage patterns. Explain formation conditions and give Kenyan examples.

Drawing different drainage patterns. Analysis of Mt. Kenya radial drainage and Rift Valley centripetal patterns. Pattern recognition exercises.

Pattern diagrams, maps of Mt. Kenya and Rift Valley, colored pencils

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 90-92

ACTION OF RIVERS

Drainage Patterns

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify and describe dendritic, radial, centripetal, parallel, fault-guided, and trellis drainage patterns. Explain formation conditions and give Kenyan examples.

Drawing different drainage patterns. Analysis of Mt. Kenya radial drainage and Rift Valley centripetal patterns. Pattern recognition exercises.

Pattern diagrams, maps of Mt. Kenya and Rift Valley, colored pencils

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 90-92

ACTION OF RIVERS

Drainage Systems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Distinguish accordant, discordant (antecedent, superimposed), and back-tilted drainage systems. Explain formation and give examples.

Discussion of drainage development relative to geological structure. Analysis of Rift Valley antecedent drainage and Yatta Plateau back-tilting.

Geological maps, drainage system diagrams, cross-sections

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 92-94

ACTION OF RIVERS

Significance of Rivers - Positive Effects

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain rivers' roles in water supply, irrigation, transport, HEP generation, port facilities, building materials, boundaries, fishing, tourism.

Discussion of urban water supplies from rivers. Analysis of HEP projects and irrigation schemes. Review of river-based economic activities.

Maps of water systems, pictures of dams and ports, economic activity charts

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 94-96

ACTION OF RIVERS

Significance of Rivers - Negative Effects and Water Conservation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe flooding problems, communication barriers, waterborne diseases. Explain Water Act provisions for conservation and access.

Discussion of flood disasters and health issues. Analysis of communication problems caused by rivers. Review of water resource management principles.

Pictures of floods, case study materials, Water Act summary

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 96-97