GENETICS

Introduction to Genetics and Variation
Observable Variations in Human Beings
Discontinuous and Continuous Variation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define genetics, heredity and variation. Explain the importance of studying genetics. Identify examples of variation in organisms.
Observe and record variations in tongue rolling, fingerprints and height. Distinguish between different types of variations. Create data tables.

Q/A on prior knowledge of inheritance. Brainstorming on observable differences in humans. Discussion on the meaning of genetics and heredity.
Practical activity on tongue rolling. Fingerprint examination using ink pads. Height measurement and data recording.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk
Ink pad, plain paper, metre rule, exercise books
Graph paper, rulers, height data from previous lesson, textbook

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 1-2
KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 2-3

GENETICS

Causes of Variation
Chromosome Structure
Chromosome Behaviour During Mitosis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain genetic and environmental causes of variation. Describe role of meiosis, fertilization and mutations in creating variation.

Exposition on sources of variation. Discussion on independent assortment during meiosis. Examples of environmental effects on phenotypes.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, pencils
Colored threads (6cm and 3cm), scissors, manila paper, string for tying knots

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 4-5

GENETICS

Chromosome Behaviour During Meiosis
DNA Structure and Replication
DNA and Protein Synthesis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe chromosome behaviour during meiosis. Explain crossing over and reduction division. Compare mitosis and meiosis.

Continuation of chromosome modeling using threads. Demonstration of reduction division. Discussion on gamete formation.

Colored threads, manila paper, textbook
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 8-9

GENETICS

Mendel's Experiments and First Law

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe Mendel's experiments with garden peas. State Mendel's first law of inheritance. Explain reasons for Mendel's success.

Q/A on Mendel's work. Detailed discussion of pea plant experiments using chalkboard diagrams. Analysis of F1 and F2 results.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 13-15

GENETICS

Monohybrid Inheritance Concepts
Genetic Crosses and Punnet Squares

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define monohybrid inheritance, genotype, phenotype. Distinguish between dominant and recessive genes. Explain homozygous and heterozygous conditions.
Draw genetic cross diagrams. Use punnet squares to show genetic crosses. Predict offspring genotypes and phenotypes.

Exposition on genetic terminology. Practice using genetic symbols on chalkboard. Discussion on gene expression patterns.
Step-by-step construction of genetic crosses on chalkboard. Practice with punnet squares. Student exercises on genetic problems.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, pencils

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 15-17
KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 17-18

GENETICS

Probability in Inheritance
Modeling Random Gamete Fusion

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain probability in genetic inheritance. Calculate phenotypic and genotypic ratios. Demonstrate random events using coin tossing.

Mathematical analysis of genetic ratios. Coin tossing experiment to demonstrate probability. Statistical interpretation of results.

Coins, exercise books for recording, calculators (if available), textbook
Different colored beans (or maize grains), small containers, exercise books

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 18-19

GENETICS

Complete Dominance Problems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Solve genetic problems involving complete dominance. Analyze inheritance patterns in garden peas. Practice genetic calculations.

Worked examples of genetic problems on chalkboard. Practice sessions with various characteristics. Group problem-solving.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 20-21

GENETICS

Incomplete Dominance

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define incomplete dominance. Analyze inheritance in four o'clock plants. Compare with complete dominance patterns. Draw genetic crosses showing blending.

Exposition on incomplete dominance using chalkboard diagrams. Genetic crosses showing blending inheritance. Practice problems with flower colors.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, colored chalk (if available)

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 22-24

GENETICS

ABO Blood Group System
Rhesus Factor and Unknown Genotypes
Sex Determination

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain multiple alleles concept. Describe ABO blood group inheritance. Understand co-dominance in blood groups. Solve blood group problems.
Describe sex determination in humans and other animals. Explain XX/XY sex determination systems. Calculate probability of male/female offspring.

Detailed explanation of blood group genetics on chalkboard. Genetic crosses involving blood group inheritance. Practice problems and paternity cases.
Exposition on sex chromosomes using chalkboard diagrams. Genetic crosses for sex determination. Comparison with other animals.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 24-25
KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 26-27

GENETICS

Gene Linkage

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define gene linkage and linkage groups. Explain inheritance of linked genes. Understand why some genes are inherited together.

Exposition on linked genes using simple diagrams. Examples from fruit fly genetics drawn on chalkboard. Discussion on chromosome maps.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 27-28

GENETICS

Sex-linked Inheritance - Color Blindness
Sex-linked Inheritance - Haemophilia

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe sex-linked inheritance patterns. Explain color blindness inheritance. Construct and analyze pedigree charts.

Detailed exposition on X-linked inheritance using chalkboard. Genetic crosses for color blindness. Drawing simple pedigree charts.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, rulers
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 28-30

GENETICS

Crossing Over and Recombination

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain crossing over during meiosis. Understand how crossing over affects linkage. Describe formation of new gene combinations.

Detailed explanation of crossing over using simple diagrams. Examples of recombinant offspring drawn on chalkboard. Discussion on genetic variation.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, colored chalk

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Page 31

GENETICS

Chromosomal Mutations - Non-disjunction
Chromosomal Mutations - Polyploidy

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define chromosomal mutations. Explain non-disjunction during meiosis. Describe Down's syndrome and other chromosome disorders.
Describe structural chromosome changes. Explain polyploidy in plants. Understand chromosome number variations.

Exposition on non-disjunction using chalkboard diagrams. Drawing normal vs abnormal chromosome sets. Discussion on genetic disorders.
Exposition on chromosome number changes. Examples of polyploidy in agriculture using chalkboard. Discussion on plant breeding applications.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 32-35
KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 35-36

GENETICS

Gene Mutations
Genetic Disorders - Albinism

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define gene mutations. Describe insertion, deletion, substitution and inversion. Explain effects on protein synthesis using analogies.

Detailed exposition on point mutations using simple examples. Use SMS text analogies for mutations. Discussion on protein changes.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, simple text examples
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 36-38

GENETICS

Genetic Disorders - Sickle Cell Anaemia

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe sickle cell anaemia inheritance. Explain hemoglobin differences. Understand sickle cell trait vs disease.

Exposition on sickle cell genetics using diagrams. Comparison of normal and sickle cell hemoglobin. Genetic crosses and probabilities.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 40-42

GENETICS

Environmental Effects on Gene Expression

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain gene-environment interactions. Describe phenotypic plasticity. Understand limitations of genetic determinism.

Discussion on environmental influences using local examples. Plant growth under different conditions. Twin studies and environmental factors.

Textbook, local plant examples, chalkboard

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 42-43

GENETICS
RECEPTION, RESPONSE AND CO-ORDINATION

Applications of Genetics
Meaning of Stimulus, Response and Irritability; Types of Responses
Tropisms in Plants - Types and Survival Value

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify applications in plant and animal breeding. Explain genetic counselling. Understand blood transfusion genetics. Introduce genetic engineering basics.
Define tropisms. Distinguish between phototropism, geotropism, and thigmotropism. Explain positive and negative tropic responses. Describe adaptive significance of tropisms.

Exposition on practical genetics applications. Local examples of plant breeding. Discussion on genetic counselling process and medical applications.
Exposition on tropic responses using chalkboard diagrams. Examination of seedlings showing different tropisms. Practical observation of plant responses. Discussion on survival advantages. Setup of simple tropism experiments.

Textbook, local breeding examples, chalkboard
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, bread crumbs, termites or other insects, dry sand
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, seedlings, cardboard boxes for light experiments, local plant examples

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 43-49
KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 81-85

RECEPTION, RESPONSE AND CO-ORDINATION

Nastic Responses and Role of Auxins

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define nastic responses. Describe types of nastic movements. Explain what auxins are and their functions. Describe how auxins control tropic responses.

Exposition on nastic responses using diagrams. Discussion on Mimosa pudica responses. Detailed exposition on auxin mechanism using chalkboard diagrams. Simple demonstrations of auxin effects on plant growth.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, Mimosa plant (if available), simple seedlings for auxin demonstration

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 84-89

RECEPTION, RESPONSE AND CO-ORDINATION

Introduction to Nervous System and Neurone Structure
Brain Structure and Functions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the need for co-ordination in animals. Compare nervous and endocrine systems. Describe structure of nerve cells. Distinguish between sensory, motor, and relay neurones.

Exposition on animal co-ordination systems. Discussion on rapid vs slow responses. Drawing neurone structures on chalkboard. Detailed exposition on neurone types and functions. Student drawing exercises.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, pencils, rulers
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, colored chalk (if available)

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 89-92

RECEPTION, RESPONSE AND CO-ORDINATION

Spinal Cord and Reflex Actions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe structure and functions of spinal cord. Define reflex action. Distinguish between simple and conditioned reflexes. Describe reflex arc components.

Drawing spinal cord cross-section on chalkboard. Exposition on spinal cord functions. Practical demonstration of knee-jerk reflex. Drawing reflex arc diagrams. Discussion on reflex vs voluntary actions.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, simple tools for reflex testing

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 95-98

RECEPTION, RESPONSE AND CO-ORDINATION

Nerve Impulse Transmission and Synapses
Endocrine System and Hormone Functions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain resting potential and action potential. Describe nerve impulse transmission. Describe structure and function of synapses. Explain role of neurotransmitters.
Define hormones and endocrine glands. Compare endocrine and nervous systems. Identify major endocrine glands. Explain negative feedback mechanism.

Detailed exposition on nerve impulse transmission using diagrams. Discussion on ionic movements and electrical changes. Drawing synapse structure. Exposition on chemical transmission at synapses.
Exposition on endocrine system concept. Drawing endocrine gland locations on chalkboard. Detailed comparison between nervous and endocrine control. Discussion on hormone transport and target organs.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, simple analogies using local examples

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 98-100
KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 100-101

RECEPTION, RESPONSE AND CO-ORDINATION

Thyroxine and Adrenaline Functions
Drug Abuse Effects on Coordination

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe functions of thyroid and adrenal glands. Explain effects of thyroxine on metabolism. Explain effects of adrenaline on body systems. Understand related disorders.

Detailed exposition on thyroxine functions and disorders. Discussion on hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. Exposition on adrenaline effects during emergencies. Case studies of hormone-related conditions.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, local health examples
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, local health examples, community case studies

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 101-103

RECEPTION, RESPONSE AND CO-ORDINATION

Structure of the Human Eye

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe external and internal structure of the eye. Identify major parts and their functions. Explain protective features of the eye. Understand image formation basics.

Drawing detailed eye structure on chalkboard. Exposition on eye anatomy and part functions. Discussion on eye protection mechanisms. Introduction to light path through eye. Student labeling exercises.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, rulers

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 104-109

RECEPTION, RESPONSE AND CO-ORDINATION

Vision, Rods, Cones and Image Formation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain functions of rods and cones. Describe image formation in the eye. Understand color vision and visual acuity. Explain binocular and stereoscopic vision.

Exposition on photoreceptor functions and differences. Discussion on color vision mechanism. Explanation of image formation process. Practical activities on visual perception and blind spot demonstration.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, white paper, pencils for blind spot experiment

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 105-109

RECEPTION, RESPONSE AND CO-ORDINATION

Accommodation and Pupil Control
Eye Defects and Their Correction
Structure of the Human Ear

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain accommodation mechanism for near and distant objects. Describe pupil size control. Understand role of ciliary muscles and iris.
Describe structure of outer, middle, and inner ear. Identify major parts and their functions. Explain ear protection mechanisms.

Detailed exposition on accommodation using diagrams. Discussion on lens shape changes and muscle action. Explanation of pupil control in different light conditions. Practical observations of pupil responses.
Drawing detailed ear structure on chalkboard. Exposition on ear anatomy of all three parts. Discussion on ear part functions. Explanation of ear protection and wax function. Student labeling exercises.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, simple lenses (if available), torch or bright light
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, examples of different spectacles, exercise books
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, rulers

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 109-110
KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 112-113

RECEPTION, RESPONSE AND CO-ORDINATION

Hearing Mechanism

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain mechanism of hearing from sound waves to brain interpretation. Describe role of ear ossicles, cochlea, and auditory nerve. Understand sound discrimination.

Step-by-step exposition on hearing process using detailed diagrams. Discussion on sound wave transmission through ear parts. Explanation of sound interpretation in brain. Simple sound experiments if possible.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, simple sound sources for demonstration

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 113-114

RECEPTION, RESPONSE AND CO-ORDINATION

Balance and Posture Control
Ear Defects and Hearing Problems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain how ear maintains balance and posture. Describe role of semicircular canals and vestibule. Understand body balance mechanisms.

Exposition on balance control mechanisms using diagrams. Discussion on semicircular canals and their orientation. Explanation of otoliths and gravity detection. Simple balance experiments and demonstrations.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, simple materials for balance demonstration
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, local examples of hearing problems

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 114-115

RECEPTION, RESPONSE AND CO-ORDINATION

Integration and Coordination Systems Review

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Compare plant and animal coordination systems. Integrate nervous, endocrine, and sensory systems. Apply knowledge to solve coordination problems.

Comprehensive review of all coordination systems. Comparison charts of different response types. Problem-solving exercises on coordination scenarios. Q&A sessions covering all topics. Preparation for assessments.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, review materials

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 78-116

RECEPTION, RESPONSE AND CO-ORDINATION

Practical Applications and Assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Apply coordination concepts to real-life situations. Solve problems related to responses and coordination. Demonstrate understanding through practical exercises.

Practical problem-solving sessions. Case study analysis of coordination disorders. Application of concepts to agricultural and medical scenarios. Assessment activities and evaluation.

Textbook, assessment materials, local case studies, exercise books

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 78-116