Map Work

Introduction and Precautions in Map Reading

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify and describe physical features on topographical maps
Identify and describe human activities on topographical maps
Outline precautions observed when describing physical features and human activities
Use appropriate phrases when reading maps

Q/A session reviewing maps and mapwork from Forms 1 and 2; Exposition of precautions when describing physical and human features; Discussion on appropriate and inappropriate phrases; Practice using correct directional terms instead of "left", "right", "top", "bottom"

Topographical maps, Sample phrases worksheet, Compass directions chart

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 11-13

Map Work

Landforms - Dissected and Rolling Relief
Hilly/Mountainous Relief, Valleys and Slope Types
Spurs, Passes, Saddles, Ridges and Major Landforms

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify landforms using contours, conventional signs and names
Describe dissected relief using crooked and irregular contours
Identify rolling landform characteristics
Interpret relief patterns from topographical maps
Identify interlocking and truncated spurs using contour patterns
Distinguish between passes and saddles using transport lines
Recognize ridges, escarpments and plateaus
Identify water-related features like peninsulas, bays and watersheds

Study the map before looking at the key; Exposition of dissected relief characteristics; Analysis of Figure 2.1 and Figure 2.2; Practice identifying crooked contours and undulating relief; Guided interpretation of landform patterns
Exposition of spurs using Figures 2.7(a), (b); Analysis of passes and saddles using Figure 2.8; Study of ridges, escarpments and plateaus using Figures 2.9, 2.10, 2.11; Explanation of water features and watersheds using Figure 2.12

Topographical maps showing different relief types, Figure 2.1 and 2.2 from textbook, Tracing paper
Figures 2.3(a), (b), 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, Examples from Kisii Highlands, Sample topographical maps with various slopes
Figures 2.7-2.12, Examples of Marich Pass, Kikuyu Plateau, Uyoma Peninsula, Topographical maps showing landforms

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 12-14
Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 17-22

Map Work

Vegetation and Natural Hydrographic Features

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify vegetation types and symbols on topographical maps
Distinguish between perennial, intermittent and disappearing rivers
Recognize natural hydrographic features using appropriate symbols
Describe vegetation distribution and suggest influencing factors

Study of Figure 2.13 vegetation key and symbols; Analysis of Figure 2.14(a), (b), (c) showing different river types; Practice identifying vegetation distribution patterns; Discussion of factors causing different river types and vegetation patterns

Figure 2.13 vegetation key, Figures 2.14(a)-(c), Maps showing vegetation and rivers, Symbol identification charts

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 19-22

Map Work

Drainage Patterns and Other Water Features
Climate Interpretation and Economic Activities
Manufacturing, Services, Transport and Settlement Factors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify all drainage patterns: dendritic, trellis, rectangular, radial, annular, centripetal and parallel
Suggest geological conditions for each drainage pattern
Recognize lakes, swamps, waterfalls and artificial hydrographic features
Use water features to interpret climate and geological conditions
Identify manufacturing through processing plants and factories
Recognize service activities and tourism facilities
Identify transport modes: land, air and water transport
Analyze factors influencing settlement: water, defence, health, soils, drainage, transport, relief

Detailed discussion of all drainage patterns using Figures 2.15-2.21; Analysis of tributary junction angles and geological implications; Study of Figure 2.22 showing artificial features; Practice identifying patterns and making geological interpretations
Study of manufacturing indicators: mills, ginneries, factories; Analysis of service evidence: shops, markets, communication facilities; Recognition of transport evidence: roads, railways, airstrips; Detailed discussion of settlement factors using Figures 2.23(a), (b) and 2.24

Figures 2.15-2.22, Sample maps with different drainage patterns, Pattern identification worksheets, Artificial features examples
Climate interpretation guidelines, Maps showing agricultural and mining areas, Processing facility examples, Economic activity symbols chart
Manufacturing symbols, Service facility examples, Transport mode indicators, Figures 2.23(a), (b), 2.24, Settlement factor analysis worksheets

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 22-25
Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 28-31

Map Work

Settlement Patterns and Map Enlargement/Reduction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify nucleated, linear and dispersed settlement patterns
Distinguish between site and position of settlements
Enlarge maps using squares method and determine new dimensions
Reduce maps following same procedures with appropriate scale changes

Analysis of settlement patterns using Figures 2.25(b)-(d); Discussion of settlement site vs position concepts; Demonstration of enlargement procedures using Table 2.1 and Figures 2.26(a), (b); Practice calculating new frame sizes and plotting features accurately

Figures 2.25(b)-(d), Table 2.1, Figures 2.26(a), (b), Graph paper, Rulers, Sample maps for enlargement practice

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 29-34

Map Work

Drawing Cross-Sections and Profiles
Vertical Exaggeration, Gradient and Intervisibility

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Draw cross-sections using proper steps and procedures
Calculate amplitude of relief and determine vertical scales
Plot heights accurately and draw smooth curves
Annotate cross-sections with appropriate labels using downward facing arrows

Step-by-step demonstration of cross-section construction using Figure 2.29; Practice calculating amplitude and selecting appropriate scales; Guided construction of cross-sections with proper plotting techniques; Training on annotation methods with downward arrows only

Figure 2.29 cross-section example, Graph paper, Strip paper for plotting, Rulers and pencils, Sample topographical maps for practice
Table 2.2 interpretation guide, Figure 2.30 gradient example, Figure 2.31 intervisibility, Calculators, Logarithm tables

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 34-36

External Land Forming Processes

Introduction and Definition of Weathering

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define weathering as process of rock breakdown in situ
Explain denudation as collective term for external processes
Distinguish between weathering and other external processes
Identify weathering agents: heat, water, dissolved substances, plants and animals

Q/A session reviewing internal land forming processes from Form Two; Exposition of denudation concept and external processes; Definition of weathering and regolith formation; Discussion of weathering agents and their effects on rocks

Charts showing external vs internal processes, Rock samples showing weathering effects, Diagrams of weathering agents

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 41-42

External Land Forming Processes

Agents of Weathering
Factors Influencing Weathering
Rock Structure, Texture and Physical Weathering Introduction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain how heat acts as weathering agent through temperature fluctuations
Describe water as weathering agent including dissociation into hydrogen and hydroxyl ions
Identify role of dissolved substances in increasing weathering ability
Analyze how plants and animals contribute to weathering processes
Explain how climate elements influence weathering rates
Analyze role of plants and animals in weathering processes
Describe how relief affects weathering on different slopes
Examine chemical composition effects: color differences and mineral composition

Detailed discussion of heat effects on rock surfaces and permafrost formation; Explanation of water dissociation and carbonic acid formation; Study of dissolved substances: pollutants, sulphur dioxide, organic compounds; Analysis of plant root penetration and animal burrowing effects
Brain storming on weathering factors; Discussion of climatic elements: sunshine, rain, frost, temperatures; Analysis of plant and animal contributions; Study of relief influence on weathering rates; Examination of rock color absorption and mineral composition effects

Rock samples, Temperature demonstration materials, Water pH testing materials, Examples of plant root damage to rocks
Climate charts, Relief diagrams, Rock samples of different colors and compositions, Examples from highland and lowland areas
Figures 3.1(a), (b), Rock samples showing different crystal sizes, Examples from Bunyore, Seme Hills, Sang'alo areas

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 42-44
Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 44-45

External Land Forming Processes

Physical Weathering Processes - Block Disintegration and Exfoliation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe block disintegration through temperature changes and diurnal ranges
Explain exfoliation as peeling off of rock surfaces
Identify formation of exfoliation domes
Analyze conditions leading to these weathering processes

Detailed discussion of block disintegration using Figure 3.3; Analysis of desert temperature conditions and rock expansion/contraction; Study of exfoliation process using Figure 3.4; Examination of exfoliation dome formation using Figure 3.5

Figure 3.3 rock blocks, Figures 3.4 and 3.5 exfoliation examples, Temperature demonstration materials, Examples from desert regions

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 47-48

External Land Forming Processes

Physical Weathering - Granular Disintegration, Frost Action and Crystal Growth

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain granular disintegration in heterogeneous rocks
Describe freezing and thawing effects in tundra and mountain regions
Identify frost action results: congelifraction, scree, talus
Analyze crystal growth in dry climates leading to alveoli and taffoni formation

Exposition of granular disintegration using Figure 3.6; Detailed discussion of frost action using Figure 3.7; Analysis of congelifraction and angular fragment formation; Study of crystal growth and crystallisation processes; Examples from Mounts Kenya, Kilimanjaro, Rwenzori and Ol Njorowa Gorge

Figure 3.6 granular disintegration, Figure 3.7 frost action, Figure 3.8 Ol Njorowa Gorge, Examples from East African mountains

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 48-50

External Land Forming Processes

Physical Weathering - Slaking and Pressure Release

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe slaking as water uptake and loss in clay-containing rocks
Explain pressure release or unloading in exposed rocks
Identify areas experiencing these weathering processes
Analyze sheeting effects in granitic rocks

Discussion of slaking process in clay rocks during wet and dry seasons; Analysis of coastal Jurassic rocks examples: Miritini, Tudor, Port Reitz; Explanation of pressure release as denudation removes overlying rocks; Study of sheeting in granitic areas: Nyika plateau, Machakos, Maragoli, Bunyore

Examples from coastal Kenya, Granitic rock samples, Areas experiencing pressure release, Activity 3.4 practical demonstration

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 50-51

External Land Forming Processes

Chemical Weathering Processes - Solution and Hydrolysis
Chemical Weathering - Oxidation, Carbonation and Hydration
Chemical Weathering Results and Biological Weathering

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define chemical weathering as actual decay involving chemical reactions
Explain solution affecting rocks with soluble minerals
Describe hydrolysis as major process in feldspar decay
Analyze chemical equations and products of hydrolysis
Identify formation of tors through deep weathering processes
Explain biological weathering through plant action
Describe animal contributions to weathering
Analyze human activities causing weathering

Exposition of chemical weathering in humid climates; Discussion of solution process and salt pan formation; Detailed analysis of hydrolysis chemical equation; Study of feldspar breakdown products: clay minerals, potassium carbonate, silica; Examples from North Eastern Kenya, Etosha Pan, Makgadikgadi
Analysis of tor formation using Figure 3.9; Study of examples: Bunyore, Maragoli, Amukura, Taita Hills, Lukenya, Mavoloni; Detailed discussion of tree root action using Figure 3.10; Examination of plant chemical contributions: algae, mosses, lichen; Analysis of animal effects: cattle pressure, burrowing, chemical excretions

Chemical equation charts, Examples of salt pans, Rock samples containing feldspar, Areas showing hydrolysis: Wundanyi, Bunyore
Chemical equation demonstrations, Rock samples showing oxidation effects, Limestone samples, Examples of spheroidal weathering in basalt
Figure 3.9 tors examples, Figure 3.10 tree root action, Examples of biological weathering in local environment, Human activity examples

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 51-53
Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 56-58

External Land Forming Processes

Biological Weathering - Human Activities and Significance of Weathering

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify human activities causing weathering: deforestation, blasting, industrialisation
Explain acid rain effects from industrial emissions
Analyze burning and irrigation contributions to weathering
Discuss significance of weathering in soil formation, construction, tourism and economics

Study of human weathering activities using Figure 3.11 quarrying; Discussion of industrialisation effects: Carbon IV Oxide, sulphur dioxide emissions; Analysis of acid rain formation and corrosive effects; Examples from Copper Belt Zambia, Webuye Kenya; Study of agricultural burning and irrigation effects

Figure 3.11 quarrying, Examples of industrial weathering, Acid rain demonstration materials, Local examples of human-induced weathering

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 58-60

External Land Forming Processes
Mass Wasting

Significance of Weathering and Economic Importance
Introduction, Definition and Factors Influencing Mass Wasting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain weathering importance in soil formation processes
Describe weathering role in quarrying and construction industries
Identify weathering creating tourist attractions
Analyze economic products from weathering: bauxite, kaolite, clay

Exposition of weathering as initial stage in soil formation; Discussion of quarrying importance for building and construction; Analysis of tourist attractions: Kit Mikayi, Crying Stone using Figure 3.12; Study of economic products: bauxite from hydrolysis, kaolite from granite rotting, clay for pottery and bricks

Figure 3.12 Crying Stone of Kakamega, Examples of weathering tourist sites, Economic product samples, Engineering consideration examples
Charts showing gravity effects, Slope demonstrations, Rock samples, Climate charts, Examples of human activities

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 60-61

Mass Wasting

Slow Mass Wasting Processes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define soil creep as slow movement involving fine soil particles
Describe scree (talus) creep as angular waste rock movement on mountains
Explain solifluction as gravitational flow of water-saturated materials
Identify triggers, evidence and effects of slow mass wasting processes

Exposition of soil creep using Figure 4.1 showing effects and evidence; Discussion of triggering factors and infrastructure impacts; Study of scree creep using Figure 4.2 from mountain examples; Analysis of solifluction using Figure 4.3 in cold climates; Examples from Mount Kenya, Kilimanjaro, and local areas

Figures 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, Examples from mountains, Soil movement demonstrations, Cold climate examples

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 54-56

Mass Wasting

Rapid Mass Wasting - Earthflows, Mudflows and Avalanches
Landslides - Types and Characteristics
Effects of Mass Wasting on Physical and Human Environment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe earthflows in humid areas with shallow scars and terminal points
Explain mudflows as super-saturated material with high water content
Define avalanches as gravitational fall of ice and rock material
Analyze factors influencing rapid movements and compare characteristics
Explain landslides as sudden movement with small water content
Describe slump as intermittent movement with backward rotation
Distinguish debris slide, debris fall, rock fall and rock slide characteristics
Analyze examples from Kenya and East Africa: Fort Portal, Limuru-Longonot, road cuttings

Study of earthflows using Figure 4.4; Analysis of mudflow formation, factors and examples from North Eastern Kenya; Discussion of avalanche characteristics in temperate regions; Comparison of movement speeds, water content and locations; Examples from volcanic slopes and arctic regions
Introduction to landslide causes and triggering factors; Study of slump development using Figures 4.5 and 4.6; Analysis of debris movements and rock movements; Examination of Kenyan examples: Kabarnet-Iten, Mwatate-Wundanyi, Kaseve roads; Discussion of infrastructure impacts and geological plane movements

Figure 4.4 earthflows, Mudflow examples, Avalanche examples from temperate regions, Factor comparison charts
Figures 4.5, 4.6 slump examples, Road cutting examples, Rock samples, Examples from Uganda and Kenya
Figures 4.9, 4.10, Soil fertility examples, Disaster case studies, Environmental conservation examples

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 56-57
Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 57-60

The Hydrological Cycle

Introduction and Definition

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define hydrological cycle as endless circulation of water from oceans to atmosphere to land
Explain role of sun as energy source driving the cycle
Identify components: inputs, outputs, transfers and storages
Describe hydrological cycle as complete balanced system

Q/A session using questions about water disappearance and return; Discussion of water circulation from sky to land to ocean; Exposition of hydrological cycle definition; Analysis of Figure 5.1 showing complete cycle; Study of system components and energy source

Figure 5.1 hydrological cycle diagram, Water circulation demonstrations, System component charts

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 63

The Hydrological Cycle

Input and Output Processes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify precipitation as main input in various forms: dew, rainfall, mist, snow, fog
Explain evaporation as physical process of moisture loss to atmosphere
Describe transpiration as biological process of water loss from plants
Analyze factors affecting evaporation and transpiration rates

Exposition of precipitation forms and conditions for occurrence; Detailed discussion of evaporation process and factors: humidity, temperature, wind, sunshine hours, water characteristics; Analysis of transpiration through stomata and lenticles; Study of evapotranspiration as combined process

Precipitation examples, Evaporation demonstration materials, Plant samples showing stomata, Factor analysis charts

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 63-65

The Hydrological Cycle

Internal Transfer Processes
Storage Processes and Significance

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain interception as first contact of rain with vegetation
Describe runoff as overland flow when ground cannot absorb water
Define infiltration as vertical water absorption through soil pores
Distinguish percolation as movement through underlying rock layers

Study of interception storage and through fall processes; Analysis of surface storage and ground saturation; Discussion of runoff conditions and overland flow; Examination of infiltration capacity and factors; Study of percolation leading to underground water storage

Vegetation interception examples, Runoff demonstration materials, Soil infiltration samples, Percolation process diagrams
Water storage examples, Ground water table diagrams, Ice storage examples, Significance analysis charts

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 65-66

ACTION OF RIVERS

Definition of Terms Related to Rivers
River Erosion Processes
River Transportation and Deposition
Youthful Stage Features
Mature Stage Features

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define rivers, source, mouth, tributaries, confluence, drainage basin, watershed, interfluves. Identify components of river systems on maps.
Describe transportation processes: solution, suspension, saltation, traction. Explain deposition factors and conditions.

Q/A to review hydrological cycle. Explanation of river terminology with Kenyan examples. Drawing and labeling river system diagrams.
Practical demonstration of transportation methods. Discussion of deposition conditions when river energy decreases. Group activity on load classification.

Maps of Kenya, river system charts, textbooks
Water containers, sand, rock samples, demonstration materials
Containers, different sized particles, water, magnifying glasses
Clay/plasticine, topographical maps, pictures of waterfalls, drawing materials
Comparison charts, cross-section diagrams, colored pencils

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 68-69
KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 72-73

ACTION OF RIVERS

Old Stage Features - Alluvial Fans and Flood Plains
Old Stage Features - Meanders and Ox-bow Lakes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe alluvial fan formation at highland-plain transitions. Explain flood plain development through erosion and deposition. Give examples like Ombei Fan and Kano Plains.

Drawing alluvial fan formation. Discussion of flood plain processes with Kenyan examples. Practical modeling of fan development.

Sand, water, modeling trays, maps showing flood plains, diagrams
Stream tables, sand, water, sequential diagrams, pictures of ox-bow lakes

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 81-86

ACTION OF RIVERS

Old Stage Features - Levees, Braided Channels, and Deferred Tributaries
Delta Formation and Types

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe natural levee formation during floods. Explain braided channel development and deferred tributary formation.

Drawing levee cross-sections. Discussion of raised river beds and flooding problems. Analysis of braided patterns during dry seasons.

Cross-section diagrams, aerial photographs, flood plain maps
Maps of river deltas, diagrams of delta types, aerial photographs

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 84-85

ACTION OF RIVERS

River Profile Summary
River Capture

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Summarize features along youthful, mature, and old stages. Compare dominant processes and resultant landforms at each stage.

Creating comprehensive river profile diagrams. Consolidation exercise comparing all stages. Tabulation of features by river stage.

Large drawing paper, colored pencils, summary charts, profile diagrams
Maps of Kenya, capture process diagrams, case study materials

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Page 89

ACTION OF RIVERS

River Rejuvenation
Drainage Patterns

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define river rejuvenation and distinguish dynamic vs static rejuvenation. Describe resultant features: river terraces, incised meanders, rejuvenation gorges, knick points.
Identify and describe dendritic, radial, centripetal, parallel, fault-guided, and trellis drainage patterns. Explain formation conditions and give Kenyan examples.

Discussion of rejuvenation causes (base level changes, increased discharge). Drawing rejuvenation features with examples from coastal Kenya rivers.
Drawing different drainage patterns. Analysis of Mt. Kenya radial drainage and Rift Valley centripetal patterns. Pattern recognition exercises.

Rejuvenation feature diagrams, pictures of incised meanders, maps of coastal Kenya
Pattern diagrams, maps of Mt. Kenya and Rift Valley, colored pencils

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 86-89
KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 90-92

ACTION OF RIVERS

Drainage Systems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Distinguish accordant, discordant (antecedent, superimposed), and back-tilted drainage systems. Explain formation and give examples.

Discussion of drainage development relative to geological structure. Analysis of Rift Valley antecedent drainage and Yatta Plateau back-tilting.

Geological maps, drainage system diagrams, cross-sections

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 92-94

ACTION OF RIVERS

Significance of Rivers - Positive Effects
Significance of Rivers - Negative Effects and Water Conservation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain rivers' roles in water supply, irrigation, transport, HEP generation, port facilities, building materials, boundaries, fishing, tourism.

Discussion of urban water supplies from rivers. Analysis of HEP projects and irrigation schemes. Review of river-based economic activities.

Maps of water systems, pictures of dams and ports, economic activity charts
Pictures of floods, case study materials, Water Act summary

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 94-96

LAKES

Definition of a Lake
Lakes Formed by Tectonic Movements - Rift Valley Lakes
Lakes Formed by Tectonic Movements - Downwarped Lakes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define a lake as a large mass of water occupying a depression. Distinguish between fresh water and salt water lakes. Explain reasons for lake salinity including lack of outlets, high evaporation, and underground salt sources.

Q/A to review hydrological cycle and water bodies. Discussion of lake characteristics with examples from Kenya. Listing fresh vs salt water lakes on chalkboard.

Chalkboard, textbooks, wall map of Kenya
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, wall map of East Africa
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, atlas

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 99-100

LAKES

Lakes Formed by Volcanic Activity
Lakes Formed by Glaciation
Lakes Formed by River and Wave Deposition
Other Lake Types - Wind Erosion, Solution, and Human-made
Landslide and Meteorite Lakes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe crater lake formation in volcanic craters. Explain lava dammed lake formation when lava blocks river courses. Give examples: crater lakes (Simbi, Paradise, Chala) and lava dammed lakes (Bunyonyi, Kivu, Tana).
Explain ox-bow lake formation from cut-off meanders. Describe lagoon formation through longshore drift and delta processes. Give examples from Kenyan rivers (Tana, Yala, Nyando) and Lake Victoria shores.

Drawing crater lake formation on chalkboard. Discussion of lava dam formation across rivers. Students sketch volcanic lake types in exercise books.
Simple demonstration of meander cut-off using clay/soil and water in basin. Drawing ox-bow lake formation sequence on chalkboard. Discussion of lagoon formation.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, textbooks
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, atlas
Basin, clay/soil, water, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books
Pieces of chalk, water container, chalkboard, atlas
Sand tray, small stones, chalkboard, internet access (if available)

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 103-106
KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 107-108

LAKES

Lake Classification Summary and Regional Examples
Significance of Lakes - Economic Importance

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Consolidate all lake formation types. Compare characteristics of different lake types. Analyze distribution patterns of lakes in East Africa and beyond.

Creating comprehensive classification table on chalkboard. Students copy into exercise books. Group discussions on different lake formation processes.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, atlas
Chalkboard, chalk, textbooks, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 100-109

LAKES

Significance of Lakes - Social and Environmental Benefits

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe lakes as tourist attractions and recreational facilities. Explain climate modification effects of large water bodies. Analyze lakes as sources of rivers and building materials.

Discussion of Lake Nakuru National Park and flamingo tourism. Analysis of Lake Victoria's influence on regional climate. Review of recreational activities (boating, sport fishing).

Chalkboard, chalk, textbooks, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Page 111

LAKES

Negative Effects of Lakes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify disease vectors (mosquitoes, snails) around lakes causing malaria and bilharzia. Describe dangerous wildlife habitats (crocodiles, hippos). Explain displacement issues from human-made lakes.

Discussion of health challenges in lake regions. Analysis of human-wildlife conflict around lakes. Case study of resettlement during dam construction projects using textbook examples.

Chalkboard, chalk, textbooks, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Page 111