Foundations of Pre-Technical Studies

Fire Safety - Identifying possible causes of fire outbreak in the environment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define the term fire
- Identify possible causes of fire outbreak in the environment
- Show interest in learning about fire safety

- Brainstorm on the meaning of fire
- Discuss the importance of fire in daily life
- Study pictures showing possible causes of fire outbreak and identify them
- Share experiences of fire outbreaks in their locality

How is fire important in daily life?

- MENTOR Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 1
- Digital resources
- Internet access and reference books
- Pictures of fire outbreaks

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Foundations of Pre-Technical Studies

Fire Safety - Flammable and combustible materials
Fire Safety - Ways of preventing fire outbreaks in the environment
Fire Safety - Extinguishing fires in the environment
Fire Safety - Importance of fire safety in the environment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Distinguish between flammable substances and combustible materials
- Identify examples of flammable substances and combustible materials
- Appreciate the importance of proper handling of flammable and combustible materials

- Use digital devices or print resources to search for the meaning of flammable substances, combustible materials, and electrical faults
- Draw a table and fill in examples of flammable substances and combustible materials
- Identify flammable and combustible materials from given pictures

How can flammable and combustible materials cause fire in the environment?

- MENTOR Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 2
- Digital devices
- Pictures of flammable and combustible materials
- Internet access
- MENTOR Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 4
- Pictures showing fire prevention measures
- Digital resources
- Charts showing fire prevention measures
- MENTOR Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 6
- Pictures showing firefighting techniques
- Firefighting equipment
- MENTOR Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 8
- Resource person
- Workplace in the locality
- Fire safety equipment

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Foundations of Pre-Technical Studies
Communication
Communication

Data Safety - Importance of data in an electronic device
Data Safety - Identifying threats to data in an electronic device
Plain Scale Drawing - Features of a plain scale
Plain Scale Drawing - Constructing a plain scale

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define the terms data and information
- Explain the importance of data in electronic devices
- Value the need to protect data in electronic devices

- Brainstorm the meaning of data and information in an electronic device
- Use digital devices or relevant print media to find out the importance of data in electronic devices
- Outline the main points and share with classmates

Why is data important in electronic devices?

- MENTOR Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 10
- Digital devices
- Reference materials
- Charts and posters
- MENTOR Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 11
- Pictures showing threats to data
- Internet access
- MENTOR Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 41
- Drawing instruments
- Drawing books
- Charts showing plain scales
- Plain papers
- Charts showing construction steps

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Communication

Plain Scale Drawing - Interpreting a plain scale
Plain Scale Drawing - Drawing plane figures to scale

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Read measurements from a plain scale
- Convert measurements according to the scale
- Show confidence in interpreting plain scales

- Discuss how to read plain scales
- Practice reading measurements from different plain scales
- Convert actual measurements to scaled measurements and vice versa
- Solve problems involving plain scale interpretation

How do we interpret measurements from a plain scale?

- MENTOR Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 43
- Drawing instruments
- Drawing books
- Plain scales
- Measurement problems
- MENTOR Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 45
- Plain papers
- Rulers and calculators

- Observation - Problem-solving assessment - Oral questions - Written tests

Communication

Plain Scale Drawing - Applications of scale drawing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify applications of scale drawing in different fields
- Draw objects to scale for specific purposes
- Appreciate the importance of scale drawing in real-life applications

- Practice drawing plane figures to a given plain scale
- Discuss applications of scale drawing in architecture, engineering, and cartography
- Create scale drawings of classroom objects or school buildings
- Share and evaluate scale drawings

How is scale drawing applied in different fields?

- MENTOR Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 48
- Drawing instruments
- Drawing books
- Plain papers
- Examples of scale drawings

- Observation - Drawing assessment - Oral presentations - Peer evaluation

Communication

Plain Scale Drawing - Use of plain scale drawing in work environment
Visual Programming - Meaning of visual programming

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the uses of plain scale drawing in a work environment
- Identify professions that utilize scale drawing
- Value the importance of scale drawing in various industries

- Discuss the uses of plain scale drawing in the work environment
- Analyze examples of scale drawings used in different industries
- Research and present on how different professions use scale drawing
- Create presentations on the importance of scale drawing

How is plain scale drawing used in various work environments?

- MENTOR Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 49
- Drawing instruments
- Examples of professional scale drawings
- Digital devices
- Reference materials
- MENTOR Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 51
- Pictures of visual programming environments

- Observation - Oral presentations - Written assignments - Research evaluation

Communication

Visual Programming - Types of visual programming applications
Visual Programming - Examples of visual programming applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify types of visual programming applications used in day-to-day life
- Classify visual programming applications based on their purpose
- Appreciate the diversity of visual programming applications

- Use available resources to search for information on types of visual programming applications (Educational, Multimedia, Video games)
- Categorize visual programming applications based on their purpose
- Create presentations on different types of visual programming applications
- Discuss the uses of different visual programming applications

What types of visual programming applications are commonly used?

- MENTOR Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 52
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Reference materials
- Examples of visual programming applications
- MENTOR Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 54
- Icons of visual programming applications

- Observation - Oral presentations - Written assignments - Research evaluation

Communication

Visual Programming - Features of visual programming applications
Visual Programming - Input features in visual programming

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify features of visual programming applications
- Categorize features based on their function
- Value the user-friendly nature of visual programming applications

- Launch and discuss the different features of visual programming applications
- Identify features such as input, processing, output, and effects
- Categorize features based on their function
- Create presentations on the features of visual programming applications

What features make visual programming applications user-friendly?

- MENTOR Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 55
- Digital devices
- Visual programming applications
- Internet access
- Reference materials
- MENTOR Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 56
- Scratch application

- Observation - Oral presentations - Written assignments - Practical demonstration

Communication

Visual Programming - Terminologies used in visual programming
Visual Programming - Variables in programming

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify terminologies used in visual programming
- Explain the meaning of different programming terminologies
- Show interest in understanding programming concepts

- Search for the meaning of terminologies used in visual programming
- Discuss terms such as syntax, variables, input/output statements, coding, coding blocks, and sequence statements
- Create a glossary of programming terms
- Use these terms in context

Why is it important to understand programming terminologies?

- MENTOR Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 57
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Reference materials
- Programming glossaries
- Visual programming applications

- Observation - Oral presentations - Written assignments - Glossary assessment

Communication

Visual Programming - Creating a simple animation (Cat walking)
Visual Programming - Creating an animation with user interaction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Plan a simple animation program
- Create an animation of a cat walking and saying "meow"
- Show creativity in programming animations

- Follow guided steps to open a new project in Scratch
- Create a program that animates a cat walking and saying "meow"
- Test and debug the animation program
- Share and evaluate created animations

How can we create simple animations using visual programming?

- MENTOR Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 58
- Digital devices
- Scratch application
- Internet access
- Reference materials
- MENTOR Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 62
- Visual programming applications

- Observation - Animation assessment - Peer evaluation - Practical demonstration

Communication
Entrepreneurship

Visual Programming - Importance of visual programming
Bookkeeping - Importance of bookkeeping

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the importance of visual programming in day-to-day life
- Identify applications of visual programming in different fields
- Value the role of visual programming in problem-solving

- Discuss on the importance of visual programming in day-to-day life
- Research and present on applications of visual programming in education, entertainment, and other fields
- Debate on the impact of visual programming on learning and creativity
- Create presentations on the future of visual programming

How has visual programming transformed problem-solving and creativity?

- MENTOR Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 62
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Reference materials
- Case studies on visual programming applications
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 114
- Charts on importance of bookkeeping

- Observation - Oral presentations - Written assignments - Debate participation

Entrepreneurship

Bookkeeping - Assets, liabilities and capital
Bookkeeping - Bookkeeping equation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define assets, liabilities and capital
- Identify examples of assets, liabilities and capital
- Appreciate the importance of differentiating business components

- Search for the meaning of assets, liabilities and capital using digital devices or textbooks
- Identify assets shown in pictures
- Discuss examples of liabilities and capital
- Present findings to other groups

What is the difference between assets, liabilities, and capital?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 115
- Pictures of business assets
- Digital devices
- Charts
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 119
- Calculators
- Charts showing bookkeeping equation
- Practice exercises

- Question and answer - Written test - Observation

Entrepreneurship

Bookkeeping - Business transactions
Bookkeeping - Cost and price of a product

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify parties involved in business transactions
- Distinguish between cash and credit transactions
- Value honesty in business dealings

- List items bought and identify buyers and sellers
- Read and analyze a case study on business transactions
- Discuss differences between cash and credit transactions

What types of transactions occur in a business?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 122
- Case studies
- Digital devices
- Charts
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 126
- Calculators
- Charts on profit calculation
- Examples of business transactions

- Question and answer - Case study analysis - Written assignment

Entrepreneurship

Bookkeeping - Statement of financial position

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of a statement of financial position
- Identify components of a statement of financial position
- Show interest in financial statements

- Discuss the components of a statement of financial position
- Study a sample statement of financial position
- Identify assets, liabilities and capital in the statement

How does a statement of financial position show a business's health?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 128
- Sample financial statements
- Digital devices
- Charts

- Question and answer - Written test - Observation

Entrepreneurship

Bookkeeping - Preparing a statement of financial position
Bookkeeping - Cash flow statement

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Organize financial data into appropriate categories
- Prepare a simple statement of financial position
- Value accuracy in financial reporting

- Study a sample statement of financial position
- Practice preparing statements of financial position from given information
- Present work for review and discussion

How is a statement of financial position prepared?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 129
- Sample financial statements
- Calculators
- Practice exercises
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 130
- Sample cash flow statements
- Digital devices
- Charts

- Practical assessment - Question and answer - Written assignment

Entrepreneurship

Bookkeeping - Preparing a cash flow statement
Bookkeeping - Income statement

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Calculate net cash flow from business operations
- Prepare a simple cash flow statement
- Value the importance of tracking cash movement

- Study a sample cash flow statement
- Follow step-by-step instructions to prepare a cash flow statement
- Calculate net movement in cash
- Compare opening and closing cash balances

How is a cash flow statement prepared?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 131
- Sample cash flow statements
- Calculators
- Practice exercises
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 133
- Sample income statements
- Digital devices
- Charts

- Practical assessment - Calculation exercises - Written assignment

Entrepreneurship

Bookkeeping - Preparing an income statement
Bookkeeping - Importance of financial records

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Calculate gross profit and net profit
- Prepare a simple income statement
- Value accuracy in profit calculation

- Study a sample income statement
- Follow step-by-step instructions to prepare an income statement
- Calculate gross profit and net profit
- Present work for review and discussion

How is an income statement prepared?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 134
- Sample income statements
- Calculators
- Practice exercises
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 135
- Case studies
- Digital devices
- Charts

- Practical assessment - Calculation exercises - Written assignment

Entrepreneurship

Income and Budgeting - Sources of income
Income and Budgeting - Types of income sources

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define the term 'income'
- Identify various sources of income for an individual
- Appreciate the importance of multiple income streams

- Search for the meaning of income using digital devices or textbooks
- Study examples of individuals with different income sources
- Identify the sources of income for each individual
- Discuss the meaning of 'sources of income'

What are the different ways people can earn income?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 137
- Charts showing sources of income
- Digital devices
- Pictures showing income-generating activities
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 138
- Charts on income sources
- Pictures

- Question and answer - Observation - Written assignment

Entrepreneurship

Income and Budgeting - Importance of budgeting
Income and Budgeting - Ways of spending money wisely

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define budget and budgeting
- Explain the importance of budgeting in day-to-day life
- Value financial planning and discipline

- Discuss questions about pocket money and how it's spent
- Search for the meaning of budget and budgeting
- Read a conversation about family budgeting
- Discuss the importance of budgeting

Why is it important to prepare a personal budget?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 139
- Charts on importance of budgeting
- Digital devices
- Case studies
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 142
- Posters on wise spending
- Charts

- Question and answer - Group presentation - Written assignment

Entrepreneurship

Income and Budgeting - Preparing a simple budget
Income and Budgeting - Income allocation in budgeting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify components of a personal budget
- Prepare a simple personal budget
- Appreciate the value of planning for expenses

- Discuss what to consider when preparing a simple budget
- Study a sample personal budget
- Prepare a simple budget for personal financial management
- Present budget to classmates for feedback

What should be included in a personal budget?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 143
- Sample budget templates
- Calculators
- Charts
- Pre-Technical Studies Curriculum Design
- Budget allocation charts
- Sample budgets

- Practical assessment - Peer assessment - Written assignment

Entrepreneurship

Income and Budgeting - Budget tracking and adjustment
Income and Budgeting - Ethical practices in budgeting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain methods for tracking budget implementation
- Identify reasons for budget adjustments
- Value accountability in budget management

- Discuss methods for tracking spending against budget
- Analyze scenarios requiring budget adjustments
- Develop simple budget tracking tools
- Role-play budget review meetings

How can we track and adjust our budget?

- Pre-Technical Studies Curriculum Design
- Budget tracking templates
- Case studies
- Digital devices
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 144
- Charts

- Role-play assessment - Practical assignment - Observation

Entrepreneurship

Income and Budgeting - Unethical practices in budgeting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify unethical practices in budgeting
- Explain the consequences of unethical financial behavior
- Show commitment to ethical financial management

- Use digital devices to search for information on unethical practices in budgeting
- Identify unethical practices that should be avoided
- Discuss the consequences of unethical financial practices

Why should unethical practices be avoided in budgeting?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 145
- Digital devices
- Internet connectivity
- Charts

- Question and answer - Group presentation - Written test

Entrepreneurship

Income and Budgeting - Financial planning
Income and Budgeting - Setting financial goals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the concept of financial planning
- Discuss the importance of financial planning in income management
- Value long-term financial thinking

- Read a story about financial planning
- Discuss how financial planning helped the character
- Identify the importance of financial planning
- Share examples of financial planning from their experiences

How does financial planning help in income management?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 146
- Case studies
- Digital devices
- Charts
- Pre-Technical Studies Curriculum Design
- Goal-setting templates
- Charts on SMART goals

- Question and answer - Case study analysis - Written assignment

Entrepreneurship

Marketing Goods and Services - Importance of marketing
Marketing Goods and Services - Elements of marketing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define market and marketing
- Explain the importance of marketing to a business
- Appreciate the role of marketing in business success

- Discuss scenarios involving buying and selling
- Define the terms 'market' and 'marketing'
- Study pictures showing marketing activities
- Discuss the importance of marketing to a business

Why is marketing important?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 147
- Pictures showing marketing activities
- Digital devices
- Charts
- Pre-Technical Studies Curriculum Design
- Marketing diagrams
- Pictures of marketing activities

- Question and answer - Observation - Written assignment

Entrepreneurship

Marketing Goods and Services - Sources of market information
Marketing Goods and Services - Consumer behavior

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify sources of information about the market
- Analyze different ways to get market information
- Show interest in understanding market dynamics

- Read an article containing information about a market
- Identify potential customers from the article
- Discuss sources of information about markets
- Use digital devices to search for market information sources

Where can information about the market and its potential customers be sourced from?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 150
- Newspaper articles
- Digital devices
- Internet connectivity
- Pre-Technical Studies Curriculum Design
- Survey templates
- Charts on consumer behavior

- Question and answer - Group presentation - Written assignment

Entrepreneurship

Marketing Goods and Services - Factors for market selection
Marketing Goods and Services - Tools for marketing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify factors considered when selecting a market
- Explain how these factors affect market selection
- Value informed decision-making in business

- Read a case study about a business owner selecting a market
- Explore the factors considered when selecting the market
- Discuss other factors to consider when choosing a market
- Write down findings and present them to classmates

How is the market of goods and services selected?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 152
- Case studies
- Digital devices
- Charts
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 153
- Internet connectivity
- Charts on marketing tools

- Question and answer - Case study analysis - Written assignment

Entrepreneurship

Marketing Goods and Services - Suitable markets
Marketing Goods and Services - Ethics in marketing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify suitable markets for different goods and services
- Match products to appropriate market segments
- Value strategic thinking in marketing

- Brainstorm on suitable markets for different goods and services
- Discuss factors that make a market suitable for specific products
- Present findings to classmates

How do businesses identify suitable markets for their products?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 154
- Digital devices
- Charts
- Pictures of different products
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 155
- Case studies

- Question and answer - Group presentation - Written test

Entrepreneurship

Saving and Investment - Reasons for saving
Saving and Investment - Methods of saving

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define saving and investment
- Explain the reasons for saving and investment
- Value the importance of saving for future needs

- Discuss and present the meaning of saving and investment
- Brainstorm on reasons for saving and investment
- Share experiences on the benefits of saving

Why is saving and investing important?

- Pre-Technical Studies Curriculum Design
- Charts on saving and investment
- Digital devices
- Case studies
- Materials for making money boxes
- Charts

- Question and answer - Group presentation - Written assignment

Entrepreneurship

Saving and Investment - Methods of investment
Saving and Investment - Preparing a saving plan

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify different methods of investment
- Explain the advantages of different investment methods
- Value long-term financial planning

- Use digital devices to search for information on investment methods
- Discuss different investment options such as shares, bonds, real estate
- Compare different investment methods based on risk and return

What factors should be considered when choosing an investment?

- Pre-Technical Studies Curriculum Design
- Digital devices
- Internet connectivity
- Charts on investment options
- Sample saving plans
- Calculators
- Charts

- Question and answer - Group presentation - Written assignment

Entrepreneurship

Saving and Investment - Preparing an investment plan
Saving and Investment - Ethical practices
Saving and Investment - Unethical practices

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify components of an investment plan
- Prepare a simple investment plan
- Value strategic financial planning

- Study sample investment plans
- Identify key components of an investment plan
- Prepare a simple investment plan
- Present investment plans to classmates for feedback

What should be included in an investment plan?

- Pre-Technical Studies Curriculum Design
- Sample investment plans
- Calculators
- Charts
- Case studies
- Digital devices

- Practical assessment - Peer assessment - Written assignment