Tools and Production

Project - Identifying problems to be solved

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify problems in the locality
- Describe causes of identified problems
- Show interest in solving community problems

- Explore the locality to identify problems
- Observe activities in different areas of the locality
- Interview community members about challenges
- Record findings in a structured format

What problems in our locality can be solved using skills from Pre-Technical Studies?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 153
- Community resources
- Questionnaires
- Recording materials

- Observation - Interview assessment - Field notes

Tools and Production

Project - Identifying problems to be solved
Project - Selecting an item to solve the identified problem
Project - Selecting an item to solve the identified problem

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Analyze collected data on community problems
- Select problems that can be solved using acquired skills
- Appreciate the value of problem-solving

- Analyze data collected during community visit
- Identify skills learned in Pre-Technical Studies
- Select problems that can be solved using the skills
- Describe how solving the problems benefits the community

Which problems can be effectively addressed with our existing skills?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 154
- Collected data
- Digital resources
- Presentation materials
- Reference materials
- Problem analysis tools
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 155
- Evaluation tools

- Data analysis - Oral presentation - Written assignments

Tools and Production

Project - Making an item to solve the problem

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Sketch the selected item
- Plan the making process
- Show creativity in design

- Make freehand sketches of the selected item
- Use resources to find steps for making the item
- Create a plan for making the item
- Prepare material and tool lists

How should we plan the making process?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 155
- Drawing materials
- Digital resources
- Reference materials
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 156
- Local materials
- Tool catalogs

- Sketches assessment - Planning assessment - Oral presentation

Tools and Production

Project - Making an item to solve the problem

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Follow safety procedures
- Use tools and materials appropriately
- Show responsibility during the making process

- Wear appropriate safety gear
- Assemble materials and tools
- Inspect tools for good condition
- Begin making the item following planned steps

What safety considerations are important during the making process?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 156
- Safety gear
- Tools and materials
- Work space
- Cleaning supplies
- Evaluation tools

- Observation - Safety compliance - Work progress

Tools and Production

Project - Making an item to solve the problem
Project - Utilizing skills to solve problems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Calculate the cost of the item
- Determine an appropriate price
- Show understanding of basic costing

- Estimate the total cost spent to make the item
- Calculate the profit margin
- Determine the selling price
- Document the costing process

How do we determine the cost and appropriate price for our item?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 156
- Cost calculation tools
- Digital resources
- Pricing guides
- Finished item
- Presentation materials
- Feedback forms
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 157
- Documentation tools
- Community resources

- Cost calculation - Pricing strategy - Documentation assessment

Tools and Production

Project - Utilizing skills to solve problems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Evaluate the success of the solution
- Identify areas for improvement
- Show commitment to continuous improvement

- Evaluate how well the item solved the problem
- Identify strengths and weaknesses of the solution
- Suggest improvements for future projects
- Complete a self-reflection form

What have we learned from this project and how can we improve?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 157
- Evaluation tools
- Self-reflection forms
- Feedback data
- Finished item
- Presentation materials
- Community venue

- Solution evaluation - Improvement suggestions - Self-reflection

Tools and Production
Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship

Project - Utilizing skills to solve problems
Financial Services - Financial institutions available in Kenya
Financial Services - Financial institutions available in Kenya
Financial Services - Classification of financial institutions in Kenya
Financial Services - Services offered by financial institutions in Kenya

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Document the entire project process
- Create a comprehensive project report
- Show appreciation for skills acquired

- Create a comprehensive project report
- Include problem identification, solution development, implementation, and evaluation
- Reflect on skills acquired and applied
- Present the final report

How can we document our project journey for future reference?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 157
- Project documentation
- Digital resources
- Reporting templates
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 160
- Pictures of financial institutions
- Charts
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 161
- Reference materials
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 162
- Presentation materials
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 164
- Presentation tools

- Project report - Documentation quality - Presentation skills

Entrepreneurship

Government and Business - Reasons for government involvement in business
Government and Business - Ways of government involvement in business
Government and Business - Ways of government involvement in business
Government and Business - Types of taxes in Kenya

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify ways government gets involved in business
- Explain reasons for government involvement
- Appreciate the role of government in business

- Study pictures showing government involvement in business
- Discuss ways government gets involved in business
- Brainstorm reasons for government involvement
- Present findings in class

Why does the government get involved in business activities?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 169
- Pictures showing government involvement
- Digital resources
- Charts
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 170
- Flashcards
- Reference materials
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 171
- Pictures of regulatory actions
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 172
- Reference materials
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 173
- Pictures of public facilities

- Observation - Oral presentation - Written assignments

Entrepreneurship

Government and Business - Types of taxes in Kenya
Government and Business - e-Government services in business
Business Plan - Importance of a business plan

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify different types of taxes in Kenya
- Explain the purpose of each tax type
- Show responsibility towards tax compliance

- Use available resources to find information about tax types
- Discuss types of taxes (income tax, VAT, corporate tax, excise duty)
- Find out current rates of each tax type
- Present findings in class

What are the different types of taxes collected in Kenya?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 175
- Digital resources
- Reference materials
- Charts
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 176
- Case study
- Reference materials
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 180
- Video link

- Research assessment - Oral presentation - Written assignments

Entrepreneurship

Business Plan - Importance of a business plan
Business Plan - Components of a business plan

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Search for information on business plans
- Describe benefits of business planning
- Show interest in business planning

- Use available resources to search for information on business plans
- Watch a video on the importance of business plans
- Note down findings
- Present findings in class

How does a business plan contribute to business success?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 181
- Digital resources
- Reference materials
- Video link
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 183
- Charts
- Sample business plans
- Digital resources

- Research assessment - Note-taking - Oral presentation

Entrepreneurship
Tools and Production

Business Plan - Components of a business plan
Business Plan - Filling in a business plan template
Cutting Tools - Identifying cutting tools

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Analyze case studies on business plan components
- Describe the purpose of each component
- Appreciate comprehensive business planning

- Read case studies on business plan components
- Identify the components described in the case studies
- Describe each component identified
- Share the description with other groups

How do the different components work together in a business plan?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 184
- Case studies
- Sample business plans
- Digital resources
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 185
- Business plan template
- Digital resources
- Reference materials
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 80
- Pictures of cutting tools
- Realia of cutting tools

- Case study analysis - Oral presentation - Written assignments

Tools and Production

Cutting Tools - Collecting cutting tools
Cutting Tools - Hacksaws and handsaws
Cutting Tools - Chisels, planes and snips

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Collect different cutting tools from the locality
- Identify the names of collected cutting tools
- Appreciate the importance of proper tool identification

- Collect different cutting tools available in the locality
- Identify and write down the names of the cutting tools
- Store the tools in a safe place

What types of cutting tools can we find in our locality?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 81
- Various cutting tools
- Storage boxes
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 82
- Hacksaws
- Handsaws
- Pictures and charts
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 83
- Chisels
- Planes
- Snips

- Observation - Portfolio assessment - Practical work

Tools and Production

Cutting Tools - Scrappers, knives, strippers and cutters
Cutting Tools - Selecting cutting tools for given tasks

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify scrappers, knives, strippers and cutters
- Explain the uses of scrappers, knives, strippers and cutters
- Value the importance of appropriate tool selection

- Examine scrappers, knives, strippers and cutters
- Discuss the uses of these tools in work environments
- Compare different types of knives and cutters

When would you use a stripper instead of a cutter?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 84
- Scrappers
- Knives
- Strippers
- Cutters
- Pictures and charts
- Various cutting tools
- Charts on tool selection

- Question and answer - Observation - Written assignment

Tools and Production

Cutting Tools - Using a handsaw
Cutting Tools - Using a hacksaw
Cutting Tools - Using a wood chisel

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate proper handling of a handsaw
- Cut timber using a handsaw
- Observe safety precautions when using a handsaw

- Observe a demonstration on how to use a handsaw
- Practice using a handsaw to cut a piece of timber
- Observe safety by wearing safety goggles
- Store the handsaw safely after use

How is a handsaw used safely?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 87
- Handsaw
- Timber
- Measuring tools
- Safety equipment
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 88
- Hacksaw
- Metal rods
- Plastic pipes
- Bench vice
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 89
- Wood chisel
- Mallet
- Clamp

- Practical assessment - Observation - Peer assessment

Tools and Production

Cutting Tools - Using snips
Cutting Tools - Using wire cutters
Cutting Tools - Using a plane

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate proper handling of snips
- Cut metal sheets using snips
- Observe safety precautions when using snips

- Observe a demonstration on how to use snips
- Practice using snips to cut metal sheets
- Observe safety by cutting away from the body
- Store the snips safely after use

Why should we cut away from our body when using snips?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 90
- Snips
- Metal sheets
- Measuring tools
- Safety equipment
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 92
- Wire cutters
- Wires of different sizes
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 93
- Plane
- Timber

- Practical assessment - Observation - Question and answer

Tools and Production

Cutting Tools - Using a scrapper and stripper
Cutting Tools - Using a knife

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate proper handling of a scrapper and stripper
- Use a scrapper to remove embedded dirt
- Strip insulation from wires using a stripper
- Show responsibility when using tools

- Observe demonstrations on how to use a scrapper and stripper
- Practice using a scrapper to remove embedded dirt
- Practice using a stripper to strip wire insulation
- Observe safety precautions
- Store the tools safely after use

When would you use a scrapper versus a stripper?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 93
- Scrapper
- Stripper
- Surfaces with embedded dirt
- Insulated wires
- Safety equipment
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 95
- Knife
- Cardboard
- Ruler
- Pencil

- Practical assessment - Observation - Question and answer

Tools and Production

Cutting Tools - Caring for cutting tools
Production Unit - Factors for locating a production unit
Production Unit - Assessing location factors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify ways of caring for cutting tools
- Explain the importance of tool maintenance
- Show responsibility in caring for tools

- Study pictures showing ways of caring for cutting tools
- Identify the cutting tools and discuss how they are being cared for
- Discuss other ways of caring for cutting tools

Why is it important to care for cutting tools?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 96
- Various cutting tools
- Cleaning materials
- Lubricants
- Storage facilities
- Pre-Technical Studies Curriculum Design
- Digital devices
- Pictures of production units
- Charts
- Observation checklist
- Local production units

- Question and answer - Observation - Written assignment

Tools and Production

Production Unit - Availability of raw materials and market
Production Unit - Infrastructure and labor
Production Unit - Factors determining size

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how availability of raw materials affects location
- Discuss the importance of market proximity
- Value the relationship between location and business success

- Use print or digital media to search for information on how availability of raw materials and market proximity affect location of production units
- Discuss findings in groups
- Present findings in class

How does market proximity affect a production unit's location?

- Pre-Technical Studies Curriculum Design
- Digital devices
- Internet connectivity
- Charts and diagrams
- Charts

- Question and answer - Written assignment - Group presentation

Tools and Production
Entrepreneurship

Production Unit - Locating a production unit
Bookkeeping - Importance of bookkeeping

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Apply knowledge on location factors
- Suggest suitable locations for different production units
- Show responsibility in making business decisions

- In groups, select a type of production unit
- Discuss suitable locations for the production unit based on factors learned
- Justify choices
- Present findings to class

What is the most suitable location for your chosen production unit?

- Pre-Technical Studies Curriculum Design
- Maps
- Digital devices
- Charts
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 114
- Charts on importance of bookkeeping

- Group presentation - Peer assessment - Question and answer

Entrepreneurship

Bookkeeping - Assets, liabilities and capital
Bookkeeping - Bookkeeping equation
Bookkeeping - Business transactions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define assets, liabilities and capital
- Identify examples of assets, liabilities and capital
- Appreciate the importance of differentiating business components

- Search for the meaning of assets, liabilities and capital using digital devices or textbooks
- Identify assets shown in pictures
- Discuss examples of liabilities and capital
- Present findings to other groups

What is the difference between assets, liabilities, and capital?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 115
- Pictures of business assets
- Digital devices
- Charts
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 119
- Calculators
- Charts showing bookkeeping equation
- Practice exercises
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 122
- Case studies

- Question and answer - Written test - Observation

Entrepreneurship

Bookkeeping - Cost and price of a product
Bookkeeping - Statement of financial position
Bookkeeping - Preparing a statement of financial position

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Differentiate between cost and price
- Calculate profit and loss from business transactions
- Appreciate the importance of pricing in business

- Study pictures showing buying and selling activities
- Discuss the difference between cost and price
- Calculate profit or loss from various transactions
- Present findings in a table

How is profit or loss determined in a business?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 126
- Calculators
- Charts on profit calculation
- Examples of business transactions
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 128
- Sample financial statements
- Digital devices
- Charts
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 129
- Practice exercises

- Calculation exercises - Question and answer - Written assignment

Entrepreneurship

Bookkeeping - Cash flow statement
Bookkeeping - Preparing a cash flow statement

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of a cash flow statement
- Identify components of a cash flow statement
- Show responsibility in monitoring cash flow

- Discuss the components of a cash flow statement
- Study a sample cash flow statement
- Identify cash inflows and outflows in the statement

Why is monitoring cash flow important for a business?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 130
- Sample cash flow statements
- Digital devices
- Charts
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 131
- Calculators
- Practice exercises

- Question and answer - Observation - Written test

Entrepreneurship

Bookkeeping - Income statement
Bookkeeping - Preparing an income statement
Bookkeeping - Importance of financial records

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of an income statement
- Identify components of an income statement
- Show interest in tracking business performance

- Discuss components of an income statement
- Study a sample income statement
- Identify revenue, expenses, and profit in the statement

How does an income statement show business performance?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 133
- Sample income statements
- Digital devices
- Charts
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 134
- Calculators
- Practice exercises
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 135
- Case studies

- Question and answer - Observation - Written test

Entrepreneurship

Income and Budgeting - Sources of income
Income and Budgeting - Types of income sources
Income and Budgeting - Importance of budgeting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define the term 'income'
- Identify various sources of income for an individual
- Appreciate the importance of multiple income streams

- Search for the meaning of income using digital devices or textbooks
- Study examples of individuals with different income sources
- Identify the sources of income for each individual
- Discuss the meaning of 'sources of income'

What are the different ways people can earn income?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 137
- Charts showing sources of income
- Digital devices
- Pictures showing income-generating activities
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 138
- Charts on income sources
- Pictures
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 139
- Charts on importance of budgeting
- Case studies

- Question and answer - Observation - Written assignment

Entrepreneurship

Income and Budgeting - Ways of spending money wisely
Income and Budgeting - Preparing a simple budget

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify ways of spending money wisely
- Explain the concept of needs versus wants
- Show responsibility in personal financial management

- Study a poster with tips on spending money wisely
- Discuss what they have learned from the tips
- Identify other ways of spending money wisely
- Create quotes on spending money wisely

How can we spend money wisely?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 142
- Posters on wise spending
- Digital devices
- Charts
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 143
- Sample budget templates
- Calculators

- Question and answer - Creative writing assessment - Observation

Entrepreneurship

Income and Budgeting - Income allocation in budgeting
Income and Budgeting - Budget tracking and adjustment
Income and Budgeting - Ethical practices in budgeting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Analyze different categories of expenses in a budget
- Allocate income to different expense categories
- Show responsibility in financial allocation

- Study different categories of expenses (needs, wants, savings)
- Discuss appropriate percentage allocation for each category
- Practice allocating a given amount to different budget categories
- Share and justify allocation decisions

How should income be allocated in a budget?

- Pre-Technical Studies Curriculum Design
- Budget allocation charts
- Calculators
- Sample budgets
- Budget tracking templates
- Case studies
- Digital devices
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 144
- Charts

- Practical assessment - Question and answer - Group presentation

Entrepreneurship

Income and Budgeting - Unethical practices in budgeting
Income and Budgeting - Financial planning
Income and Budgeting - Setting financial goals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify unethical practices in budgeting
- Explain the consequences of unethical financial behavior
- Show commitment to ethical financial management

- Use digital devices to search for information on unethical practices in budgeting
- Identify unethical practices that should be avoided
- Discuss the consequences of unethical financial practices

Why should unethical practices be avoided in budgeting?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 145
- Digital devices
- Internet connectivity
- Charts
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 146
- Case studies
- Pre-Technical Studies Curriculum Design
- Goal-setting templates
- Charts on SMART goals

- Question and answer - Group presentation - Written test

Entrepreneurship

Marketing Goods and Services - Importance of marketing
Marketing Goods and Services - Elements of marketing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define market and marketing
- Explain the importance of marketing to a business
- Appreciate the role of marketing in business success

- Discuss scenarios involving buying and selling
- Define the terms 'market' and 'marketing'
- Study pictures showing marketing activities
- Discuss the importance of marketing to a business

Why is marketing important?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 147
- Pictures showing marketing activities
- Digital devices
- Charts
- Pre-Technical Studies Curriculum Design
- Marketing diagrams
- Pictures of marketing activities

- Question and answer - Observation - Written assignment

Entrepreneurship

Marketing Goods and Services - Sources of market information
Marketing Goods and Services - Consumer behavior
Marketing Goods and Services - Factors for market selection

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify sources of information about the market
- Analyze different ways to get market information
- Show interest in understanding market dynamics

- Read an article containing information about a market
- Identify potential customers from the article
- Discuss sources of information about markets
- Use digital devices to search for market information sources

Where can information about the market and its potential customers be sourced from?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 150
- Newspaper articles
- Digital devices
- Internet connectivity
- Pre-Technical Studies Curriculum Design
- Survey templates
- Charts on consumer behavior
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 152
- Case studies
- Charts

- Question and answer - Group presentation - Written assignment

Entrepreneurship

Marketing Goods and Services - Tools for marketing
Marketing Goods and Services - Suitable markets
Marketing Goods and Services - Ethics in marketing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify ICT tools used for marketing goods and services
- Explain how these tools are used in marketing
- Show interest in modern marketing methods

- Use digital devices to search for information on ICT applications used for marketing
- Discuss how social media platforms are used for marketing
- Prepare a chart showing different marketing tools and their uses

How do businesses use technology to market their products?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 153
- Digital devices
- Internet connectivity
- Charts on marketing tools
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 154
- Charts
- Pictures of different products
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 155
- Case studies

- Question and answer - Group presentation - Written assignment

Entrepreneurship

Saving and Investment - Reasons for saving
Saving and Investment - Methods of saving

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define saving and investment
- Explain the reasons for saving and investment
- Value the importance of saving for future needs

- Discuss and present the meaning of saving and investment
- Brainstorm on reasons for saving and investment
- Share experiences on the benefits of saving

Why is saving and investing important?

- Pre-Technical Studies Curriculum Design
- Charts on saving and investment
- Digital devices
- Case studies
- Materials for making money boxes
- Charts

- Question and answer - Group presentation - Written assignment

Entrepreneurship

Saving and Investment - Methods of investment
Saving and Investment - Preparing a saving plan
Saving and Investment - Preparing an investment plan
Saving and Investment - Ethical practices
Saving and Investment - Unethical practices

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify different methods of investment
- Explain the advantages of different investment methods
- Value long-term financial planning

- Use digital devices to search for information on investment methods
- Discuss different investment options such as shares, bonds, real estate
- Compare different investment methods based on risk and return

What factors should be considered when choosing an investment?

- Pre-Technical Studies Curriculum Design
- Digital devices
- Internet connectivity
- Charts on investment options
- Sample saving plans
- Calculators
- Charts
- Sample investment plans
- Case studies

- Question and answer - Group presentation - Written assignment