Materials for Production

Wood - Preparation of wood for use in the production of items

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the process of wood conversion
- Describe different methods of wood conversion
- Value proper wood preparation techniques

- Discuss wood conversion as a method of preparing wood for use
- Use print or digital resources to find information about plain sawing and quarter sawing
- Draw images to represent each conversion method

What happens during the wood conversion process?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 72
- Digital devices
- Reference materials
- Charts showing conversion methods

- Oral tests - Written tests - Drawings assessment

Materials for Production

Wood - Preparation of wood for use in the production of items
Wood - Types of wood and their uses in the community

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the process of wood seasoning
- Describe methods of wood seasoning
- Appreciate the importance of proper wood seasoning

- Observe and discuss images showing different ways of preparing wood using the seasoning method
- Use print or digital resources to find information about natural and artificial seasoning
- Discuss how reducing moisture from wood helps improve it for use

How does seasoning improve wood quality?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 74
- Pictures showing wood seasoning methods
- Digital resources
- Charts
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 75
- Pictures of wooden items
- Charts
- Digital resources

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Materials for Production

Wood - Types of wood and their uses in the community
Wood - Importance of wood in day-to-day life
Wood - Importance of wood in day-to-day life

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe uses of wood in various trades
- Explain applications of different wood types in trades
- Value the versatility of wood in various trades

- Use available print reference materials and digital resources to find out how wood is used in different trades
- Visit various places in the community to observe how wood is used
- Create charts showing uses of wood in various trades

How is wood utilized in different trades?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 77
- Reference materials
- Digital resources
- Community resources
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 79
- Charts
- Local wood products
- Digital resources
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 81
- Crossword puzzles
- Self-reflection forms

- Observation - Community visit reports - Charts assessment

Materials for Production

Waste Materials - Waste materials found in the environment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify waste materials in the environment
- Explain the sources of waste materials
- Show concern for waste management

- Discuss what waste materials are
- Walk around the school compound to identify waste materials
- Write a list of waste materials seen in the environment
- Share findings in class

What types of waste materials are found in our environment?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 93
- School environment
- Digital resources
- Charts
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 94
- Pictures of waste materials

- Observation - Field notes - Oral presentation

Materials for Production

Waste Materials - Ways of handling waste materials safely in the environment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain safe ways of handling waste materials
- Describe different approaches to waste management
- Value safe waste handling practices

- Use print reference materials or digital devices to search for information on safe ways of handling and disposing waste materials
- Write short notes on findings
- Present findings in class

What are the safe ways of handling different types of waste materials?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 95
- Reference materials
- Digital devices
- Charts

- Note-taking - Oral presentation - Written assignments

Materials for Production

Waste Materials - Ways of handling waste materials safely in the environment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify ways to safely handle waste materials
- Describe methods of waste handling shown in pictures
- Show responsibility towards safe waste handling

- Study pictures showing ways of handling waste materials
- Describe how different waste materials are handled in each picture
- Discuss other ways in which waste can be safely handled

How can different types of waste materials be safely handled?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 96
- Pictures of waste handling methods
- Digital resources
- Charts

- Observation - Oral questions - Discussion assessment

Materials for Production

Waste Materials - Disposing waste materials using appropriate methods
Waste Materials - The need for proper handling of waste materials in the environment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify appropriate waste disposal methods
- Demonstrate proper waste disposal techniques
- Show responsibility in waste disposal

- Collect waste materials around the school compound
- Sort waste materials by type
- Place waste in appropriate garbage containers
- Practice proper waste disposal as guided by the teacher

How should different types of waste be disposed of?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 97
- Personal protective equipment
- Garbage bags or containers
- Dustbins
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 98
- Local community resources
- Digital resources
- Charts

- Observation - Practical assessment - Peer assessment

Materials for Production

Waste Materials - The need for proper handling of waste materials in the environment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- List types of waste materials in the environment
- Suggest ways of handling different waste types
- Show responsibility towards waste management

- Discuss the importance of proper waste handling and disposal
- List types of waste materials found in the environment
- Suggest ways of safely handling each waste type
- Role play scenarios of waste management

How does proper waste management benefit the community?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 99
- Charts
- Digital resources
- Pictures showing proper waste handling

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Role play assessment

Materials for Production

Waste Materials - The need for proper handling of waste materials in the environment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Solve problems related to waste management
- Complete a self-reflection on waste management
- Show responsibility towards environmental conservation

- Work on problem-solving exercises related to waste management
- Complete a self-reflection form on waste materials learning
- Discuss environmental conservation strategies

How can we apply what we've learned about waste management in our daily lives?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 100
- Self-reflection forms
- Problem-solving exercises
- Digital resources

- Problem-solving questions - Self-assessment - Written tests

Tools and Production

Project - Identifying problems to be solved

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify problems in the locality
- Describe causes of identified problems
- Show interest in solving community problems

- Explore the locality to identify problems
- Observe activities in different areas of the locality
- Interview community members about challenges
- Record findings in a structured format

What problems in our locality can be solved using skills from Pre-Technical Studies?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 153
- Community resources
- Questionnaires
- Recording materials
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 154
- Collected data
- Digital resources
- Presentation materials

- Observation - Interview assessment - Field notes

Tools and Production

Project - Selecting an item to solve the identified problem

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify possible items to solve the identified problem
- Select an appropriate item based on specific criteria
- Show creativity in problem-solving

- Discuss how the identified problem can be solved
- Use available resources to search for possible solutions
- Identify items that can solve the problem
- Suggest technical skills needed to make the items

How do we determine the most appropriate solution to our identified problem?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 154
- Digital resources
- Reference materials
- Problem analysis tools

- Observation - Oral presentation - Solution assessment

Tools and Production

Project - Selecting an item to solve the identified problem

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Evaluate potential solutions based on effectiveness
- Consider resources, skills, and time constraints
- Value sustainable problem-solving approaches

- Discuss possible items that can be made to solve the problem
- Consider materials and tools required
- Evaluate skills required and cost implications
- Select one item to make for solving the problem

What factors should we consider when selecting a solution?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 155
- Digital resources
- Reference materials
- Evaluation tools

- Observation - Decision-making assessment - Written justification

Tools and Production

Project - Making an item to solve the problem

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Sketch the selected item
- Plan the making process
- Show creativity in design

- Make freehand sketches of the selected item
- Use resources to find steps for making the item
- Create a plan for making the item
- Prepare material and tool lists

How should we plan the making process?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 155
- Drawing materials
- Digital resources
- Reference materials
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 156
- Local materials
- Tool catalogs

- Sketches assessment - Planning assessment - Oral presentation

Tools and Production

Project - Making an item to solve the problem

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Follow safety procedures
- Use tools and materials appropriately
- Show responsibility during the making process

- Wear appropriate safety gear
- Assemble materials and tools
- Inspect tools for good condition
- Begin making the item following planned steps

What safety considerations are important during the making process?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 156
- Safety gear
- Tools and materials
- Work space

- Observation - Safety compliance - Work progress

Tools and Production

Project - Making an item to solve the problem

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Apply making skills effectively
- Solve problems encountered during making
- Show persistence in completing tasks

- Continue making the designed item
- Apply appropriate techniques
- Solve challenges encountered
- Document the making process

How can we overcome challenges during the making process?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 156
- Tools and materials
- Safety gear
- Work space

- Practical work - Problem-solving - Process documentation

Tools and Production

Project - Making an item to solve the problem

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Complete the making process
- Evaluate the finished item
- Show pride in the finished product

- Complete the making of the designed item
- Clean the working area and tools
- Store tools properly
- Evaluate the finished item

How can we evaluate the quality of our finished item?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 156
- Tools and materials
- Cleaning supplies
- Evaluation tools

- Product assessment - Workspace management - Self-evaluation

Tools and Production

Project - Making an item to solve the problem

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Calculate the cost of the item
- Determine an appropriate price
- Show understanding of basic costing

- Estimate the total cost spent to make the item
- Calculate the profit margin
- Determine the selling price
- Document the costing process

How do we determine the cost and appropriate price for our item?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 156
- Cost calculation tools
- Digital resources
- Pricing guides
- Finished item
- Presentation materials
- Feedback forms

- Cost calculation - Pricing strategy - Documentation assessment

Tools and Production

Project - Utilizing skills to solve problems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Use the item to solve the identified problem
- Document the problem-solving process
- Show responsibility in applying solutions

- Use the item to solve the identified problem
- Document the application process
- Observe the effectiveness of the solution
- Make necessary adjustments

How can we effectively implement our solution in the community?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 157
- Finished item
- Documentation tools
- Community resources

- Implementation assessment - Documentation review - Problem-solving effectiveness

Tools and Production

Project - Utilizing skills to solve problems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Evaluate the success of the solution
- Identify areas for improvement
- Show commitment to continuous improvement

- Evaluate how well the item solved the problem
- Identify strengths and weaknesses of the solution
- Suggest improvements for future projects
- Complete a self-reflection form

What have we learned from this project and how can we improve?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 157
- Evaluation tools
- Self-reflection forms
- Feedback data

- Solution evaluation - Improvement suggestions - Self-reflection

Tools and Production

Project - Utilizing skills to solve problems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Share project learning with the community
- Promote sustainable problem-solving
- Value community engagement

- Present the project to community members
- Explain the problem-solving process
- Demonstrate how the solution works
- Gather community feedback

How can we share our learning and solutions with the wider community?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 157
- Finished item
- Presentation materials
- Community venue
- Project documentation
- Digital resources
- Reporting templates

- Community presentation - Engagement assessment - Feedback collection

Entrepreneurship

Financial Services - Financial institutions available in Kenya
Financial Services - Classification of financial institutions in Kenya

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify financial institutions in Kenya
- Give examples of financial institutions
- Show interest in financial institutions

- Study images of financial institutions
- Identify types of financial institutions shown
- Give examples of financial institutions identified
- Name financial institutions available in the locality

What financial institutions do you know?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 160
- Pictures of financial institutions
- Digital resources
- Charts
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 161
- Reference materials
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 162
- Presentation materials

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Entrepreneurship

Financial Services - Services offered by financial institutions in Kenya
Government and Business - Reasons for government involvement in business

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify services offered by financial institutions
- Match services to specific institutions
- Show interest in financial services

- Select a type of financial institution to research
- Use digital devices or reference materials to search for services offered
- Make a presentation of findings
- Create a chart of services offered by different institutions

What services do financial institutions provide to individuals and businesses?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 164
- Digital resources
- Reference materials
- Presentation tools
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 169
- Pictures showing government involvement
- Charts

- Research assessment - Oral presentation - Chart quality

Entrepreneurship

Government and Business - Reasons for government involvement in business
Government and Business - Ways of government involvement in business
Government and Business - Ways of government involvement in business

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Analyze specific reasons for government involvement
- Give examples of each reason
- Value government's role in ensuring fairness

- Study flashcards showing reasons for government involvement
- Discuss each reason and give examples
- Write down the discussion in exercise books
- Present the findings in class

How does government involvement in business benefit citizens?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 170
- Flashcards
- Digital resources
- Reference materials
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 171
- Pictures of regulatory actions
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 172
- Reference materials
- Charts

- Discussion assessment - Written notes - Oral presentation

Entrepreneurship

Government and Business - Types of taxes in Kenya

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define taxes and their importance
- Identify sources of government funds
- Value the role of taxes in development

- Study pictures of public facilities
- Identify public facilities and services they provide
- Discuss sources of government funding
- Explain the meaning and importance of taxes

Why is it important to pay taxes?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 173
- Pictures of public facilities
- Digital resources
- Charts
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 175
- Reference materials

- Observation - Oral questions - Discussion assessment

Entrepreneurship

Government and Business - e-Government services in business

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define e-Government services
- Identify e-Government services in business
- Appreciate the value of digital government services

- Analyze a case study on e-Government
- Define e-Government services
- Identify e-Government services for business
- Discuss benefits of e-Government services

How has e-Government improved business processes?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 176
- Case study
- Digital resources
- Reference materials

- Case study analysis - Oral questions - Written assignments

Entrepreneurship

Business Plan - Importance of a business plan

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define a business plan
- Explain the importance of a business plan
- Value the role of planning in business

- Brainstorm on the meaning and importance of a business plan
- Discuss how a business plan helps entrepreneurs
- Explain reasons for making a business plan
- Share findings with the class

Why is a business plan important for entrepreneurs?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 180
- Digital resources
- Reference materials
- Video link

- Observation - Oral questions - Discussion assessment

Entrepreneurship

Business Plan - Importance of a business plan
Business Plan - Components of a business plan

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Search for information on business plans
- Describe benefits of business planning
- Show interest in business planning

- Use available resources to search for information on business plans
- Watch a video on the importance of business plans
- Note down findings
- Present findings in class

How does a business plan contribute to business success?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 181
- Digital resources
- Reference materials
- Video link
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 183
- Charts
- Sample business plans
- Digital resources

- Research assessment - Note-taking - Oral presentation

Entrepreneurship

Business Plan - Components of a business plan
Business Plan - Filling in a business plan template

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Analyze case studies on business plan components
- Describe the purpose of each component
- Appreciate comprehensive business planning

- Read case studies on business plan components
- Identify the components described in the case studies
- Describe each component identified
- Share the description with other groups

How do the different components work together in a business plan?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 184
- Case studies
- Sample business plans
- Digital resources
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 185
- Business plan template
- Digital resources
- Reference materials

- Case study analysis - Oral presentation - Written assignments