Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Water hardness - Softening by boiling

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Soften hard water by boiling
- Test effectiveness of boiling in water softening
- Apply water softening skills

- Boil hard water samples
- Test lathering ability before and after boiling
- Compare and discuss results

How effective is boiling in softening hard water?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 38
- Hard water samples
- Source of heat
- Soap solution
- Test tubes

- Observation - Oral questions - Practical assessment

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Water hardness - Softening by distillation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Soften hard water by distillation
- Test effectiveness of distillation in water softening
- Apply water softening skills

- Set up simple distillation apparatus
- Distill hard water
- Test lathering ability of distillate
- Compare and discuss results

How effective is distillation in softening hard water?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 39
- Hard water samples
- Distillation apparatus
- Soap solution
- Test tubes

- Observation - Oral questions - Practical assessment

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Water hardness - Softening by distillation
Water hardness - Softening using washing soda

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Soften hard water by distillation
- Test effectiveness of distillation in water softening
- Apply water softening skills

- Soften hard water using washing soda
- Test effectiveness of chemical treatment
- Apply water softening skills

- Set up simple distillation apparatus
- Distill hard water
- Test lathering ability of distillate
- Compare and discuss results
- Add washing soda to hard water
- Filter the mixture
- Test lathering ability of filtrate
- Compare and discuss results

How effective is distillation in softening hard water?
How effective are chemicals in softening hard water?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 39
- Hard water samples
- Distillation apparatus
- Soap solution
- Test tubes
- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 40
- Hard water samples
- Washing soda
- Filter funnel and paper
- Soap solution

- Observation - Oral questions - Practical assessment

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Water hardness - Applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe applications of soft water in daily life
- Describe applications of hard water in daily life
- Appreciate the importance of water hardness knowledge

- Research applications of soft and hard water
- Discuss appropriate uses for each type of water
- Create posters showing applications

How do we apply knowledge of water hardness in daily life?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 41
- Digital resources
- Textbooks
- Charts

- Observation - Oral questions - Group presentations

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Water hardness - Summary

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Summarize physical properties of water
- Summarize differences between hard and soft water
- Show confidence in knowledge about water hardness

- Review physical properties of water
- Discuss differences between hard and soft water
- Create summary notes

Why is understanding water hardness important?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 43
- Previous notes
- Charts
- Textbooks

- Observation - Oral questions - Written test

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Water hardness - Summary

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Summarize physical properties of water
- Summarize differences between hard and soft water
- Show confidence in knowledge about water hardness

- Review physical properties of water
- Discuss differences between hard and soft water
- Create summary notes

Why is understanding water hardness important?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 43
- Previous notes
- Charts
- Textbooks

- Observation - Oral questions - Written test

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Water hardness - Applications of knowledge
Water hardness - Assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Apply knowledge on water hardness to solve problems
- Choose appropriate water for specific applications
- Show confidence in water hardness knowledge

- Answer questions on water hardness
- Apply knowledge on water properties and hardness
- Show confidence in knowledge about water hardness

- Present scenarios requiring water hardness knowledge
- Discuss solutions to real-life problems
- Create awareness materials on water hardness
- Attempt questions on water hardness
- Discuss solutions to questions
- Review key concepts

How can we help others understand water hardness?
How does understanding water hardness help us make better choices?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 43
- Previous notes
- Charts
- Real-life scenarios
- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 44
- Assessment questions
- Previous notes

- Observation - Oral questions - Group presentations
- Written test - Observation - Oral questions

Living Things and their Environment

Nutrition in plants - Parts of a leaf

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify the external parts of a leaf
- Draw and label the external parts of a leaf
- Show interest in the external parts of a leaf

- Collect leaves from different plants
- Observe the arrangement of leaves on plants
- Draw and label the external parts of a leaf

What are the external parts of a leaf?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 44
- Leaf specimens
- Charts showing leaf parts

- Observation - Oral questions - Drawings

Living Things and their Environment

Nutrition in plants - Internal structure of a leaf

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Observe the internal structure of a leaf
- Identify the internal parts of a leaf
- Draw and label the internal parts of a leaf

- Mount a permanent slide on the stage of a light microscope
- Observe and identify the internal parts of a leaf
- Draw the transverse section of the leaf

How is a leaf structured internally?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 44
- Light microscope
- Permanent slide of leaf section
- Charts

- Observation - Drawings - Written questions

Living Things and their Environment

Nutrition in plants - Internal structure of a leaf

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Observe the internal structure of a leaf
- Identify the internal parts of a leaf
- Draw and label the internal parts of a leaf

- Mount a permanent slide on the stage of a light microscope
- Observe and identify the internal parts of a leaf
- Draw the transverse section of the leaf

How is a leaf structured internally?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 44
- Light microscope
- Permanent slide of leaf section
- Charts

- Observation - Drawings - Written questions

Living Things and their Environment

Nutrition in plants - Adaptations of the leaf to photosynthesis
Nutrition in plants - Structure of chloroplast

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify adaptations of the leaf to photosynthesis
- Explain how the leaf is adapted for photosynthesis
- Appreciate the adaptations of the leaf

- Identify the parts of a chloroplast
- Draw and label the chloroplast
- Explain the functions of the parts of a chloroplast

- Identify external and internal parts of a leaf
- Discuss how each part is adapted to photosynthesis
- Write summary notes
- Study charts showing chloroplast structure
- Identify parts of the chloroplast
- Discuss functions of each part

How is the leaf adapted to photosynthesis?
What is the structure of a chloroplast?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 45
- Digital resources
- Charts showing leaf adaptations
- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 46
- Charts showing chloroplast structure
- Digital resources

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Assessment rubrics
- Observation - Drawings - Oral questions

Living Things and their Environment

Nutrition in plants - Structure of chloroplast

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify the parts of a chloroplast
- Draw and label the chloroplast
- Explain the functions of the parts of a chloroplast

- Study charts showing chloroplast structure
- Identify parts of the chloroplast
- Discuss functions of each part

What is the structure of a chloroplast?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 46
- Charts showing chloroplast structure
- Digital resources

- Observation - Drawings - Oral questions

Living Things and their Environment

Nutrition in plants - Process of photosynthesis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the process of photosynthesis
- Explain the light and dark stages of photosynthesis
- Show interest in the process of photosynthesis

- Read and discuss content on photosynthesis
- Discuss what happens during light and dark stages
- Discuss the end products of photosynthesis

What happens during photosynthesis?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 47
- Digital resources
- Charts showing photosynthesis

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Discussion

Living Things and their Environment

Nutrition in plants - Testing for starch in a leaf

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Test for the presence of starch in a leaf
- Explain the steps in testing for starch
- Appreciate the importance of testing for starch

- Collect a leaf exposed to sunlight
- Boil leaf in water and then in methylated spirit
- Test the leaf with iodine solution
- Observe and record results

How do we test for the presence of starch in a leaf?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 48
- Leaf specimens
- Methylated spirit
- Iodine solution
- Boiling tubes
- Heat source

- Observation - Practical skills - Oral questions - Written report

Living Things and their Environment

Nutrition in plants - Conditions necessary for photosynthesis (light)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate that light is necessary for photosynthesis
- Set up an experiment to show light is necessary
- Show confidence in scientific investigation

- Destarch a potted plant
- Cover part of a leaf with aluminum foil
- Expose plant to sunlight
- Test leaves for starch

Why is light necessary for photosynthesis?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 49
- Potted plant
- Aluminum foil
- Paper clips
- Materials for starch test

- Observation - Practical skills - Written report - Oral questions

Living Things and their Environment

Nutrition in plants - Conditions necessary for photosynthesis (carbon IV oxide)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Show that carbon (IV) oxide is necessary for photosynthesis
- Set up an experiment to show carbon (IV) oxide is necessary
- Appreciate the importance of carbon (IV) oxide in photosynthesis

- Set up two potted plants: one enclosed with sodium hydroxide, one without
- Expose both to sunlight
- Test leaves for starch
- Compare results

Why is carbon (IV) oxide necessary for photosynthesis?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 50
- Potted plants
- Sodium hydroxide
- Polythene bags
- Rubber bands
- Materials for starch test

- Observation - Practical skills - Written report - Assessment rubrics

Living Things and their Environment

Nutrition in plants - Conditions necessary for photosynthesis (chlorophyll)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Show that chlorophyll is necessary for photosynthesis
- Test variegated leaves for starch
- Explain the importance of chlorophyll in photosynthesis

- Collect variegated leaves
- Test different parts of the leaf for starch
- Compare results from green and non-green parts
- Draw conclusions

Why is chlorophyll necessary for photosynthesis?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 51
- Variegated leaves
- Materials for starch test

- Observation - Practical skills - Written report - Oral questions

Living Things and their Environment

Nutrition in plants - Conditions necessary for photosynthesis (water)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Discuss the importance of water in photosynthesis
- Explain how lack of water affects photosynthesis
- Show interest in scientific discussions

- Discuss the role of water in photosynthesis
- Explain effects of water deficiency on plants
- Research role of water during photosynthesis

How does water affect photosynthesis?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 52
- Digital resources
- Textbooks

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Discussion

Living Things and their Environment

Nutrition in plants - Conditions necessary for photosynthesis (water)
Nutrition in plants - Importance of photosynthesis in nature

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Discuss the importance of water in photosynthesis
- Explain how lack of water affects photosynthesis
- Show interest in scientific discussions

- Explain the importance of photosynthesis in nature
- Discuss how photosynthesis impacts the environment
- Appreciate the significance of photosynthesis

- Discuss the role of water in photosynthesis
- Explain effects of water deficiency on plants
- Research role of water during photosynthesis
- Discuss how photosynthesis provides oxygen
- Explain how photosynthesis provides food
- Discuss role in reducing carbon (IV) oxide

How does water affect photosynthesis?
What is the importance of photosynthesis in nature?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 52
- Digital resources
- Textbooks
- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 53
- Digital resources
- Charts on importance of photosynthesis

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Discussion
- Oral questions - Written exercises - Group presentations

Living Things and their Environment

Nutrition in plants - Assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Attempt questions on nutrition in plants
- Apply knowledge of photosynthesis to solve problems
- Show confidence in their understanding

- Answer assessment questions on photosynthesis
- Discuss solutions to questions
- Review key concepts

How does understanding photosynthesis help explain plant nutrition?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 54
- Assessment questions
- Previous notes

- Written test - Peer assessment - Oral questions

Living Things and their Environment

Nutrition in animals - Modes of nutrition

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Outline different modes of nutrition in animals
- Differentiate between parasitic and saprophytic modes
- Show interest in modes of nutrition

- Search for information on modes of nutrition
- Discuss differences between modes of nutrition
- Identify examples of animals with different modes

How do different animals feed?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 58
- Reference textbooks
- Digital media

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Group presentations

Living Things and their Environment

Nutrition in animals - Dentition in animals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify types of dentition in animals
- Differentiate between homodont and heterodont dentition
- Appreciate the diversity in animal dentition

- Study jaws with teeth of different animals
- Identify types of dentition
- Discuss the characteristics of each type

What determines the type of teeth an animal has?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 59
- Models of different dentition
- Charts showing animal dentition
- Digital resources

- Observation - Oral questions - Written exercises

Living Things and their Environment

Nutrition in animals - Dentition in animals
Nutrition in animals - Types of teeth

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify types of dentition in animals
- Differentiate between homodont and heterodont dentition
- Appreciate the diversity in animal dentition

- Identify different types of teeth in mammals
- Describe the structure and function of each type
- Draw different types of teeth

- Study jaws with teeth of different animals
- Identify types of dentition
- Discuss the characteristics of each type
- Observe skull of cow/goat or human model
- Study charts showing different types of teeth
- Draw and label different types of teeth

What determines the type of teeth an animal has?
What are the different types of teeth and their functions?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 59
- Models of different dentition
- Charts showing animal dentition
- Digital resources
- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 61
- Model of human skull
- Charts showing types of teeth

- Observation - Oral questions - Written exercises
- Observation - Drawings - Oral questions - Written exercises

Living Things and their Environment

Nutrition in animals - Human digestive system

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify parts of the human digestive system
- Draw a well-labeled diagram of the digestive system
- Show interest in the human digestive system

- Study chart of human alimentary canal
- Identify parts of the digestive system
- Draw and label the digestive system

How is food digested in the human body?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 63
- Chart showing the human alimentary canal
- Model of human digestive system

- Observation - Drawings - Oral questions

Living Things and their Environment

Nutrition in animals - Digestion in the mouth and stomach

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe digestion in the mouth and stomach
- Explain the role of enzymes in digestion
- Appreciate the process of digestion

- Search for information on digestion
- Discuss mechanical and chemical digestion in mouth
- Explain digestion in the stomach

How is food digested in the mouth and stomach?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 64
- Digital resources
- Charts showing digestion

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Group presentations

Living Things and their Environment

Nutrition in animals - Digestion in the mouth and stomach

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe digestion in the mouth and stomach
- Explain the role of enzymes in digestion
- Appreciate the process of digestion

- Search for information on digestion
- Discuss mechanical and chemical digestion in mouth
- Explain digestion in the stomach

How is food digested in the mouth and stomach?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 64
- Digital resources
- Charts showing digestion

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Group presentations

Living Things and their Environment

Nutrition in animals - Digestion in small intestine
Nutrition in animals - Absorption and assimilation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe digestion in the duodenum and ileum
- Explain the role of the liver and pancreas in digestion
- Show interest in the digestive process

- Describe absorption of digested food
- Explain assimilation in the body
- Show interest in nutrient utilization

- Discuss the role of bile and pancreatic juice
- Explain digestion in duodenum and ileum
- List the end products of digestion
- Discuss absorption in the small intestine
- Explain the role of villi in absorption
- Describe assimilation in the body

How is food digested in the small intestine?
How are digested food nutrients absorbed into the body?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 65
- Digital resources
- Charts showing digestion in small intestine
- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 66
- Digital resources
- Charts showing absorption

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Group presentations
- Oral questions - Written exercises - Group discussions

Living Things and their Environment

Nutrition in animals - Egestion

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the process of egestion
- Describe the fate of indigestible food substances
- Appreciate the role of egestion in nutrition

- Discuss the fate of undigested and indigestible food
- Explain how waste is processed in the colon
- Describe the importance of proper waste elimination

What happens to indigestible food substances?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 67
- Science textbooks
- Digital resources

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Group discussions

Living Things and their Environment

Nutrition in animals - Importance of various modes of nutrition

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Discuss the importance of various modes of nutrition
- Explain roles of various modes in the ecosystem
- Show interest in nutritional diversity

- Read and discuss information on nutrition modes
- Discuss importance of parasitic, symbiotic, and holozoic nutrition
- Present findings to class

Why are different modes of nutrition important?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 68
- Science textbooks
- Digital resources

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Group presentations

Living Things and their Environment

Nutrition in animals - Importance of various modes of nutrition
Nutrition in animals - Assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Discuss the importance of various modes of nutrition
- Explain roles of various modes in the ecosystem
- Show interest in nutritional diversity

- Attempt questions on nutrition in animals
- Apply knowledge to explain animal nutrition
- Show confidence in their understanding

- Read and discuss information on nutrition modes
- Discuss importance of parasitic, symbiotic, and holozoic nutrition
- Present findings to class
- Answer assessment questions on animal nutrition
- Discuss solutions to questions
- Review key concepts

Why are different modes of nutrition important?
How does understanding animal nutrition help explain food processing?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 68
- Science textbooks
- Digital resources
- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 68
- Assessment questions
- Previous notes

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Group presentations
- Written test - Peer assessment - Oral questions

Living Things and their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Parts of a flower

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Observe and identify parts of a flower
- Draw and label parts of a flower
- Appreciate the structure of a flower

- Observe different parts of a flower
- Use chart to identify flower parts
- Cut flower longitudinally to observe ovules
- Draw and label flower parts

What are the different parts of a flower?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 71
- Flower specimens
- Hand lens
- Chart showing flower parts

- Observation - Drawings - Oral questions

Living Things and their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Functions of flower parts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain functions of different flower parts
- Match flower parts with their functions
- Show interest in structure-function relationship

- Match each part with its correct function
- Discuss functions of flower parts
- Group parts based on their roles

What is the function of each flower part?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 72
- Charts showing flower parts
- Flower specimens

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Matching activities

Living Things and their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Functions of flower parts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain functions of different flower parts
- Match flower parts with their functions
- Show interest in structure-function relationship

- Match each part with its correct function
- Discuss functions of flower parts
- Group parts based on their roles

What is the function of each flower part?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 72
- Charts showing flower parts
- Flower specimens

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Matching activities

Living Things and their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Types of pollination
Reproduction in plants - Adaptations to insect pollination

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Differentiate between self and cross-pollination
- Discuss characteristics of each type
- Appreciate the diversity in pollination

- Identify adaptations of flowers to insect pollination
- Explain how these adaptations aid pollination
- Show interest in plant-insect interactions

- Study charts showing types of pollination
- Discuss differences between self and cross-pollination
- Identify examples of each type
- Collect insect-pollinated flowers
- Observe and identify adaptations
- Dissect flowers to examine adaptations
- Draw and label insect-pollinated flowers

What are the different types of pollination?
How are flowers adapted to insect pollination?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 73
- Charts showing pollination
- Digital resources
- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 74
- Insect-pollinated flowers
- Hand lens
- Charts

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Group discussions
- Observation - Drawings - Oral questions - Written report

Living Things and their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Adaptations to insect pollination

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify adaptations of flowers to insect pollination
- Explain how these adaptations aid pollination
- Show interest in plant-insect interactions

- Collect insect-pollinated flowers
- Observe and identify adaptations
- Dissect flowers to examine adaptations
- Draw and label insect-pollinated flowers

How are flowers adapted to insect pollination?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 74
- Insect-pollinated flowers
- Hand lens
- Charts

- Observation - Drawings - Oral questions - Written report

Living Things and their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Adaptations to wind pollination

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify adaptations of flowers to wind pollination
- Explain how these adaptations aid pollination
- Compare wind and insect pollination adaptations

- Collect wind-pollinated flowers
- Observe and identify adaptations
- Draw and label wind-pollinated flowers
- Compare with insect-pollinated flowers

How are flowers adapted to wind pollination?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 75
- Wind-pollinated flowers (grass)
- Charts showing wind pollination
- Hand lens

- Observation - Drawings - Oral questions - Written report

Living Things and their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Effects of agrochemicals on pollination

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Discuss effects of agrochemicals on pollinating agents
- Explain how this affects plant reproduction
- Show concern for environmental conservation

- Discuss how pesticides affect pollinators
- Explore how this impacts food production
- Research effects of agrochemicals

How do agrochemicals affect pollination?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 76
- Science textbooks
- Magazines
- Digital resources

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Group presentations

Living Things and their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Fertilization in flowering plants

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe fertilization in flowering plants
- Explain the process of pollen tube growth
- Appreciate the complexity of fertilization

- Read and discuss fertilization process
- Explain pollen tube growth and gamete fusion
- Describe steps from pollination to fertilization

How does fertilization occur in flowering plants?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 77
- Charts showing fertilization
- Digital resources

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Group discussions

Living Things and their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Seed and fruit formation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe fruit formation in flowering plants
- Explain changes in flower parts after fertilization
- Show interest in seed and fruit development

- Use textbooks to research seed/fruit formation
- Study charts showing post-fertilization changes
- Discuss development of ovules into seeds and ovary into fruit

How are seeds and fruits formed?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 78
- Charts showing fruit development
- Fruit specimens
- Digital resources

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Group discussions