Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in animals - Dentition in animals
Nutrition in animals - Types and structure of teeth

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define dentition
- Differentiate between homodont and heterodont dentition
- Show interest in animal dentition

- Observe specimens or models of different types of teeth
- Identify homodont and heterodont dentition
- Draw and label diagrams of different teeth types

What is dentition?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 81)
- Models of animal teeth
- Digital resources
- Charts of teeth
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 82)
- Models of teeth

- Drawings - Written questions - Oral assessment

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in animals - Functions of different teeth

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe functions of different types of teeth
- Relate teeth structure to their functions
- Show interest in adaptations of teeth

- Discuss functions of teeth using specimens or models
- Identify adaptations of teeth to their functions
- Share findings with peers

How do the different types of teeth function during feeding?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 83)
- Models of teeth
- Digital resources
- Charts

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in animals - Classification based on dentition
Nutrition in animals - Herbivores, carnivores, omnivores

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Classify animals based on their dentition
- Determine dental formula of different animals
- Show interest in dentition patterns

- Study specimens or models of jaws of different animals
- Count teeth in upper and lower jaws
- Determine dental formula of different animals

How are animals classified based on their dentition?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 84)
- Specimens or models of animal jaws
- Digital resources
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 85)
- Models or specimens of animal jaws
- Charts

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Practical skills

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in animals - Digestive system in humans
Nutrition in animals - Process of digestion
Nutrition in animals - Absorption and assimilation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify parts of the human digestive system
- Draw and label the digestive system
- Appreciate the organization of the digestive system

- Describe the process of absorption in the ileum
- Explain the process of assimilation of nutrients
- Appreciate the efficiency of the digestive system

- Study charts on human digestive system
- Identify parts of the digestive system
- Draw and label the system
- Discuss adaptations of the ileum to absorption
- Draw and label the structure of a villus
- Discuss fate of absorbed food substances

What are the main parts of the human digestive system?
How are digested food substances absorbed and utilized?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 86)
- Charts of digestive system
- Models
- Digital resources
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 87)
- Charts of digestive process
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 88)
- Charts of villi structure
- Digital resources

- Drawings - Written assessment - Oral questions
- Written assessment - Drawings - Oral questions

Living Things and Their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Functions of parts of a flower
Reproduction in plants - Pollination

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify parts of a flower
- Describe functions of flower parts
- Show interest in flower structure

- Collect and examine suitable flowers
- Identify calyx, corolla, pistil, stamen
- Discuss functions of each part

What are the different parts of a flower and their functions?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 86)
- Fresh flowers
- Hand lens
- Charts of flower structure
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 87)
- Digital resources
- Charts on pollination

- Practical skills - Drawings - Written assessment

Living Things and Their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Adaptations to insect pollination

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify features of insect-pollinated flowers
- Explain adaptations of flowers to insect pollination
- Show interest in flower adaptations

- Examine an insect-pollinated flower
- Record color, scent, size of flower
- Discuss adaptations to insect pollination

How are flowers adapted to insect pollination?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 88)
- Insect-pollinated flowers
- Hand lens
- Charts

- Practical skills - Written assessment - Oral questions

Living Things and Their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Adaptations to wind pollination
Reproduction in plants - Field observation of pollination

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify features of wind-pollinated flowers
- Explain adaptations of flowers to wind pollination
- Compare wind and insect pollination

- Examine a wind-pollinated flower
- Record structural features
- Discuss adaptations to wind pollination

How are flowers adapted to wind pollination?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 94)
- Wind-pollinated flowers (grass/maize)
- Hand lens
- Charts
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 95)
- Flowers in school compound
- Camera/smartphone

- Practical skills - Written assessment - Oral questions

Living Things and Their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Fertilization in flowering plants
Reproduction in plants - Double fertilization
Reproduction in plants - Fruit formation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe structures containing male and female gametes
- Explain the process of fertilization in flowering plants
- Appreciate sexual reproduction in plants

- Describe the process of fruit formation
- Explain development of ovary into fruit
- Show interest in post-fertilization changes

- Search for information on fertilization in plants
- Study diagrams of pollen grains and embryo sacs
- Discuss pollen tube growth and fertilization
- Search for information on fruit formation
- Discuss events in fruit development
- Draw labeled diagrams of fruits

How does fertilization occur in flowering plants?
How does a fruit develop after fertilization?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 96)
- Digital resources
- Charts on plant fertilization
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 97)
- Charts on double fertilization
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 98)
- Digital resources
- Various fruits
- Charts

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Drawings
- Drawings - Written assessment - Oral questions

Living Things and Their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Types of fruits
Reproduction in plants - Fruit and seed dispersal

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Classify fruits based on structure
- Differentiate between succulent and dry fruits
- Show interest in fruit diversity

- Collect various fruits and seeds
- Group fruits into dry and succulent types
- Observe internal features of different fruits

How are fruits classified?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 99)
- Various fruits
- Knife/scalpel
- Specimen dishes
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 102)
- Various fruits and seeds
- Hand lens

- Practical skills - Written assessment - Classification charts

Living Things and Their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Animals as dispersal agents

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify fruits dispersed by animals
- Explain adaptations for animal dispersal
- Show interest in plant-animal interactions

- Observe fruits adapted for animal dispersal
- Identify hooks, edible parts, and other adaptations
- Discuss the role of animals in seed dispersal

How are fruits adapted for dispersal by animals?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 106)
- Fruits with hooks (black jack)
- Succulent fruits
- Hand lens

- Practical skills - Written assessment - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Water as a dispersal agent
Reproduction in plants - Wind as a dispersal agent

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify fruits dispersed by water
- Explain adaptations for water dispersal
- Appreciate plant-environment interactions

- Observe fruits adapted for water dispersal
- Identify buoyancy adaptations
- Discuss features of water-dispersed fruits

How are fruits adapted for dispersal by water?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 107)
- Coconut fruit if available
- Pictures of water-dispersed fruits
- Digital resources
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 108)
- Wind-dispersed fruits/seeds
- Hand lens

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Self-dispersal mechanism
Reproduction in plants - Importance of dispersal
Reproduction in plants - Effect of agrochemicals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe explosive dispersal mechanism
- Explain adaptations for self-dispersal
- Appreciate diversity in dispersal methods

- Explain effects of agrochemicals on pollinating agents
- Discuss impact on plant reproduction
- Show concern for environmental conservation

- Observe fruits with explosive dispersal
- Identify legumes and other explosive fruits
- Discuss explosive mechanism process
- Search for information on agrochemicals
- Discuss categories of agrochemicals
- Analyze effects on pollinators and plant reproduction

How do some plants disperse their seeds without external agents?
How do agrochemicals affect pollination and reproduction in plants?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 109)
- Pods of legumes
- Castor oil fruits if available
- Digital resources
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 110)
- Reference books
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 111)
- Digital resources
- Charts on agrochemicals

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Observation
- Written assessment - Oral questions - Group discussions

Living Things and Their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Role of flowers in nature
The interdependence of life - Components of the environment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the role of flowers in nature
- Describe ecological and economic importance of flowers
- Appreciate the significance of flowers

- Search for information on roles of flowers
- Discuss ecological functions of flowers
- Discuss social and economic value of flowers

What is the role of flowers in nature?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 111)
- Digital resources
- Reference books
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 115)
- Charts of ecosystems

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Group presentations

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - Competition

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define intraspecific and interspecific competition
- Explain effects of competition on organisms
- Show interest in competitive interactions

- Search for information on competition in ecosystems
- Discuss effects on number and distribution of organisms
- Analyze examples of competition

How does competition affect organisms in an ecosystem?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 116)
- Digital resources
- Reference books

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Group discussions

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - Predation
The interdependence of life - Parasitism

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define predation, predator and prey
- Explain adaptations of predators and prey
- Show interest in predator-prey relationships

- Search for information on predation
- Discuss adaptations of predators and prey
- Analyze predator-prey population dynamics

How does predation affect population dynamics?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 117)
- Digital resources
- Videos on predation
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 119)
- Charts on parasitism

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Group discussions

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - Symbiosis
The interdependence of life - Saprophytism
The interdependence of life - Temperature effects

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define symbiosis
- Describe examples of symbiotic relationships
- Appreciate mutual benefits in symbiosis

- Measure environmental temperature
- Explain effects of temperature on organisms
- Show interest in abiotic factors

- Search for information on symbiotic relationships
- Discuss root nodules, lichens, and ox-pecker relationships
- Analyze benefits to each partner
- Suspend thermometer to measure air temperature
- Measure soil and water temperature
- Discuss effects of temperature on organisms

How do organisms benefit from symbiotic relationships?
How does temperature affect living organisms?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 120)
- Digital resources
- Charts on symbiosis
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 121)
- Photographs of fungi
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 122)
- Thermometers
- Water in basin
- Digital resources

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Group discussions
- Practical skills - Written assessment - Oral questions

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - Light effects
The interdependence of life - Atmospheric pressure

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how light affects organisms
- Describe importance of light intensity, quality and duration
- Show interest in light as an ecological factor

- Discuss aspects of light affecting organisms
- Explain how light affects plants and animals
- Discuss measurement of light in ecosystems

How does light affect organisms in an ecosystem?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 123)
- Digital resources
- Light meter if available
- Secchi disc
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 124)
- Barometer if available

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Group discussions

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - Humidity effects

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define humidity
- Explain effects of humidity on organisms
- Demonstrate measurement of humidity

- Discuss meaning of humidity
- Measure humidity using cobalt chloride paper
- Analyze effects on plants and animals

How does humidity affect organisms?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 125)
- Cobalt(II) chloride paper
- Forceps
- Stopwatch

- Practical skills - Written assessment - Oral questions

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - Wind effects
The interdependence of life - pH and salinity

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define wind and explain how it is measured
- Describe effects of wind on organisms
- Show interest in wind as an ecological factor

- Discuss meaning of wind and wind parameters
- Explain effects of wind on plants and animals
- Construct simple wind measuring instruments

How does wind affect living organisms?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 126)
- Digital resources
- Materials for windsock/wind vane
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 127)
- Universal indicator paper
- Soil and water samples
- Test tubes

- Practical skills - Written assessment - Group work

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - Energy flow
The interdependence of life - Food chains
The interdependence of life - Food webs

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain energy flow in ecosystems
- Describe trophic levels
- Appreciate energy transfer in nature

- Define food web
- Construct food webs from food chains
- Appreciate complexity of feeding relationships

- Discuss energy flow from sun to producers and consumers
- Explain the concept of trophic levels
- Analyze energy loss between trophic levels
- Observe feeding habits of organisms
- Construct multiple food chains
- Combine food chains into food webs

How does energy flow through an ecosystem?
How do food chains interact to form food webs?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 128)
- Digital resources
- Charts on energy flow
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 129)
- Charts on food chains
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 130)
- Digital resources
- Charts on food webs

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Group discussions
- Food web construction - Written assessment - Group presentations

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - National Parks ecosystem
The interdependence of life - Decomposers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify organisms in Kenyan National Parks
- Describe interrelationships in National Parks
- Appreciate biodiversity conservation

- Select a National Park for study
- Research organisms found in the park
- Construct food webs based on park organisms

What interrelationships exist in Kenyan National Parks?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 131)
- Digital resources
- Reference books on National Parks
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 132)
- School compost site
- Hand lens

- Project work - Written assessment - Group presentations

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - Human activities

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe effects of human activities on ecosystems
- Explain habitat change, conservation, and species introduction
- Show concern for environmental conservation

- Search for information on human impacts
- Discuss habitat change, poaching, and introduced species
- Analyze conservation methods

How do human activities affect the environment?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 133)
- Digital resources
- Reference books

- Written assessment - Group presentations - Debates

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Types of curved mirrors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify different types of curved mirrors
- Describe curved mirror surfaces
- Show interest in curved mirrors

- Observe different reflector surfaces
- Discuss the description of concave, convex and parabolic reflectors
- Compare the surfaces of different curved mirrors

How are curved mirrors used in day-to-day life?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 147
- Car driving mirrors
- Car headlight reflectors
- Laboratory curved mirrors
- Digital content on curved mirrors
- Digital resources
- Drawing materials

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Images formed by concave and convex mirrors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define terms used in curved mirrors
- Identify parts of curved mirrors
- Show interest in terminology used in optics

- Describe the principal axis of curved mirrors
- Explain the principal focus and focal plane
- Show interest in optical features

- Study diagrams illustrating parts of curved mirrors
- Search the Internet and relevant print materials for meanings of optical terms
- Discuss terms used in curved mirrors
- Draw the principal axis for concave and convex mirrors
- Locate the principal focus on mirror diagrams
- Discuss the focal plane and its significance

What are the key terms used in describing curved mirrors?
How does the principal focus relate to image formation?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 148
- Internet resources
- Digital devices
- Geometrical sets
- Curved mirrors
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 149
- Diagrams of curved mirrors
- Drawing materials
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 150
- Diagrams of curved mirrors
- Geometrical sets
- Drawing materials

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments
- Observation - Drawing assessment - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Focal length
Curved mirrors - Position of image formed by concave mirrors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define focal length of curved mirrors
- Determine focal length experimentally
- Show interest in measuring optical parameters

- Define focal length
- Set up an experiment to determine focal length
- Measure and record focal length values

How can we determine the focal length of a curved mirror?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 152
- Concave mirrors
- Meter rule
- White screen
- Mirror holder
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 153
- Mirror holders
- Meter rules
- Screens
- Candles

- Observation - Practical skills assessment - Written reports

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Position of image formed by convex mirrors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Locate images formed by convex mirrors
- Describe image characteristics for convex mirrors
- Compare images formed by concave and convex mirrors

- Observe images formed by convex mirrors
- Record image characteristics
- Compare with images formed by concave mirrors

How do images formed by convex mirrors differ from those formed by concave mirrors?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 154
- Convex mirrors
- Mirror holders
- Objects
- Meter rules

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Rays commonly used for ray diagram construction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify rays used in ray diagram construction
- Explain how different rays are reflected
- Show interest in ray diagram construction

- Search the Internet for information on ray behavior
- Sketch ray diagrams showing reflection of different rays
- Discuss with peers and display sketches

Which rays are most useful for locating images in ray diagrams?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 155
- Internet resources
- Digital devices
- Manila paper
- Drawing materials
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 156
- Ruler and protractor
- Reference materials

- Observation - Drawing assessment - Oral questions

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Rays commonly used for ray diagram construction
Curved mirrors - Uses of concave mirrors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Construct ray diagrams for concave mirrors
- Locate images using ray diagrams
- Show interest in graphical representation

- Explain applications of concave mirrors
- Relate object positions to specific applications
- Show interest in practical applications

- Draw ray diagrams for different object positions
- Use ray diagrams to locate images
- Determine image characteristics from ray diagrams
- Search for information on applications of concave mirrors
- Relate applications to image characteristics
- Present findings to class

How can ray diagrams be used to predict image characteristics?
What makes concave mirrors suitable for specific applications?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 157
- Manila paper
- Drawing materials
- Ruler and protractor
- Reference materials
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 159
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 161
- Digital devices
- Internet connectivity
- Charts of ray diagrams

- Observation - Drawing assessment - Written assignments
- Observation - Oral presentations - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Uses of concave mirrors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the use of concave mirrors in reflectors
- Explain the principle behind solar heating
- Show interest in energy applications

- Discuss the use of concave mirrors in headlights and torches
- Explain how concave mirrors concentrate solar energy
- Research applications in solar cooking and heating

How are concave mirrors used in energy applications?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 161
- Digital resources
- Internet connectivity
- Torch with reflector
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 162
- Reference materials

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Uses of convex mirrors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain applications of convex mirrors
- Describe security and safety uses
- Show interest in practical applications

- Discuss the use of convex mirrors for surveillance
- Explain their applications in security systems
- Research use at road junctions and corners

How do convex mirrors enhance security and safety?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 163
- Digital resources
- Internet connectivity
- Reference materials

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Uses of convex mirrors
Curved mirrors - Review and assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the use of convex mirrors as driving mirrors
- Describe applications of parabolic reflectors
- Show interest in real-world applications

- Discuss why convex mirrors are used as side mirrors
- Explain advantages of wider field of view
- Research applications of parabolic reflectors

How do curved mirrors enhance transportation safety?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 164
- Digital resources
- Internet connectivity
- Reference materials
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 166
- Previous notes
- Assessment questions

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Waves - Generation of waves
Waves - Classification of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define waves in scientific terms
- Describe how waves are generated
- Show interest in wave phenomena

- Generate transverse waves
- Describe characteristics of transverse waves
- Compare longitudinal and transverse waves

- Observe waves created in water
- Generate sound waves using a drum/speaker
- Discuss energy transfer through waves
- Use a slinky spring to generate transverse waves
- Observe particle displacement direction
- Create comparison charts

What are waves and how are they generated?
How do transverse waves differ from longitudinal waves?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 170
- Water in a basin
- Drum
- Speaker connected to radio
- Small stones
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 172
- Slinky spring
- Rope
- Smooth surface
- Rigid support
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 173
- Slinky spring
- Rope
- Smooth surface
- Rigid support

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments
- Observation - Practical skills assessment - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Waves - Characteristics of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify parts of a wave
- Measure the amplitude of a wave
- Show interest in wave properties

- Generate waves with a slinky spring
- Identify and measure amplitude
- Draw wave patterns

What are the key components that define a wave?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 175
- Slinky spring
- Meter rule
- Chalk
- Drawing materials
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 177

- Observation - Measurement skills assessment - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Waves - Frequency and periodic time

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define frequency and periodic time
- Measure periodic time
- Calculate frequency from periodic time

- Demonstrate frequency and periodic time
- Measure time for complete oscillations
- Calculate frequency from measurements

What is the relationship between frequency and periodic time?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 180
- Slinky spring
- Meter rule
- Stopwatch
- Chalk

- Observation - Calculation skills assessment - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Waves - Frequency and periodic time
Waves - Speed of a wave

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Solve problems involving frequency and periodic time
- Draw displacement-time graphs
- Show interest in wave calculations

- Practice solving problems with frequency and period
- Draw and interpret wave graphs
- Discuss the significance of frequency in real applications

How does frequency affect wave behavior and applications?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 181
- Calculators
- Graph paper
- Reference materials
- Problem sets
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 183

- Observation - Problem-solving assessment - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Waves - Speed of a wave
Waves - Properties of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Solve complex problems using wave equation
- Explain the relationship between wavelength and frequency
- Apply wave concepts to real situations

- Demonstrate refraction of waves
- Explain how waves are refracted
- Show interest in wave behavior

- Work through more complex wave problems
- Discuss how the wave equation applies in real scenarios
- Create a concept map of wave relationships
- Set up a ripple tank with regions of different depths
- Observe changes in wave speed and wavelength
- Discuss the principle of refraction

How does changing one wave parameter affect others?
What happens to waves when they pass from one medium to another?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 184
- Calculators
- Reference materials
- Problem sets
- Chart paper
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 186
- Ripple tank
- Straight edge
- Metal reflectors
- Water
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 187
- Ripple tank
- Glass block
- Water
- Wave generator

- Observation - Problem-solving assessment - Concept map evaluation
- Observation - Practical skills assessment - Written reports

Force and Energy

Waves - Properties of waves
Waves - Remote sensing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate diffraction of waves
- Explain the factors affecting diffraction
- Show interest in wave behavior

- Set up a ripple tank with barriers having gaps
- Observe spreading of waves through gaps
- Investigate the effect of gap size

How do waves spread around obstacles or through openings?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 188
- Ripple tank
- Metal barriers
- Water
- Wave generator
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 189
- Digital resources
- Photographs
- Internet connectivity

- Observation - Practical skills assessment - Written reports

Force and Energy

Waves - Remote sensing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the components of remote sensing
- Describe the remote sensing process
- Show interest in remote sensing technology

- Discuss sources of waves in remote sensing
- Explain interaction between waves and targets
- Create diagrams of remote sensing processes

What are the requirements for remote sensing to take place?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 190
- Digital resources
- Internet connectivity
- Drawing materials

- Observation - Diagram assessment - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Waves - Applications of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify applications of waves in medicine
- Explain how waves are used in medical imaging
- Show interest in medical applications

- Research applications of waves in medicine
- Discuss ultrasound, X-rays, and MRI scans
- Create presentations on medical applications

How are waves applied in medical imaging?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 191
- Digital resources
- Internet connectivity
- Presentation materials
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 192
- Poster materials

- Observation - Presentations - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Waves - Applications of waves
Waves - Review and assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe communication applications of waves
- Explain principles of wireless communication
- Show interest in telecommunications

- Summarize key concepts about waves
- Apply knowledge to solve wave problems
- Show confidence in understanding waves

- Research applications in radio, television, and mobile phones
- Discuss radar and satellite communications
- Create charts showing different communication systems
- Review main wave concepts
- Answer revision questions
- Discuss solutions to problems

How have waves transformed communication systems?
How does understanding waves help us explain natural phenomena?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 193
- Digital resources
- Internet connectivity
- Chart materials
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 194
- Table templates
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 195
- Previous notes
- Assessment questions
- Reference materials

- Observation - Chart assessment - Written assignments
- Written test - Observation - Oral questions