Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Water Hardness - Physical properties of water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the physical properties of water
- Test for the color of different water samples
- Show interest in investigating water properties

- Observe water samples of different colors
- Compare water samples with color chart
- Record observations

What are the physical properties of water?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 27
- Boiling tubes
- Colored solutions
- Test tubes rack
- Color chart
- Water samples
- Beakers
- Test tubes
- Droppers

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Water Hardness - Physical properties of water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Determine the boiling point of water
- Explain why pure water boils at 100°C
- Show interest in investigating water properties

- Set up apparatus to measure boiling point
- Heat water and record temperature
- Determine the boiling point

How does temperature change as water is heated to boiling?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 28
- Beaker, thermometer
- Heat source
- Tripod stand, clamp
- Distilled water

- Observation - Oral questions - Written reports

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Water Hardness - Hard and soft water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Compare lathering abilities of different water samples
- Test water samples with soap
- Classify water as hard or soft

- Test lathering ability of water samples
- Observe formation of lather
- Group water samples based on lathering

How is the lathering ability of water related to hardness?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 29
- Water samples
- Liquid soap
- Test tubes with corks
- Droppers
- Internet access
- Reference books

- Observation - Oral questions - Written reports

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Water Hardness - Hard and soft water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Distinguish between temporary and permanent hardness
- Identify the compounds that cause hardness
- Show interest in types of water hardness

- Outline advantages of hard water
- Explain applications of hard water
- Appreciate the importance of hard water

- Discuss types of water hardness
- Identify compounds causing hardness
- Present findings to class
- Research advantages of hard water
- Discuss health benefits and applications
- Present findings to class

What is the difference between temporary and permanent hardness?
Why is hard water preferred for drinking?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 30
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Hard water samples
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 30
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Charts
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 31
- Scaled kettle elements

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Water Hardness - Methods of softening hard water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe methods of softening hard water
- Explain principles behind different methods
- Show interest in water treatment

- Research methods of softening hard water
- Discuss various softening methods
- Present findings to class

What methods can be used to soften hard water?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 32
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Charts

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Water Hardness - Methods of softening hard water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Soften hard water by boiling
- Test the effectiveness of boiling
- Show interest in water treatment

- Boil samples of hard water
- Test water before and after boiling
- Compare results

How effective is boiling in softening hard water?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 32
- Calcium hydrogen carbonate solution
- Soap solution
- Heat source
- Test tubes
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 33
- Sodium carbonate
- Filter paper and funnel

- Observation - Oral questions - Written reports

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Water Hardness - Methods of softening hard water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Soften hard water by distillation
- Test the effectiveness of distillation
- Show interest in water treatment

- Set up distillation apparatus
- Distill hard water samples
- Test water before and after distillation

How effective is distillation in softening hard water?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 34
- Round-bottomed flask
- Liebig condenser
- Heat source
- Hard water samples

- Observation - Oral questions - Written reports

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds
Living Things and Their Environment

Water Hardness - Methods of softening hard water
Water Hardness - Review and assessment
Nutrition in plants - Parts of a leaf

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Compare different methods of softening water
- Evaluate the effectiveness of each method
- Show interest in water treatment

- Identify the external parts of a leaf
- Observe and draw the external structure of a leaf
- Show interest in studying parts of a leaf

- Compare results from different softening methods
- Discuss advantages and disadvantages of each method
- Present findings to class
- Pluck a variety of leaves from different plants and take them to the laboratory
- Study the leaves and describe their lamina based on size, surface area, leaf veins and thickness
- Draw a large well-labelled diagram of one of the leaves

Which method of softening water is most effective?
What are the parts of a leaf?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 35
- Previous experimental results
- Reference books
- Internet access
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 36
- Previous notes
- Assessment questions
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 64)
- Hand lens
- Variety of fresh leaves
- Labelled charts of a leaf

- Observation - Oral questions - Written reports
- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in plants - Internal structure of a leaf
Nutrition in plants - Functions of leaf parts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify the internal structures of a leaf
- Draw and label the internal structure of a leaf
- Show interest in the internal structure of the leaf

- Observe prepared slides of transverse sections of a leaf under a light microscope
- Identify various structures in the sections observed
- Draw and label the internal structure of the leaf

How does the internal structure of a leaf relate to its function?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 65)
- Prepared slides of leaf sections
- Light microscope
- Charts of leaf TS
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 66)
- Digital resources
- Charts showing leaf structures

- Drawing skills - Observation checklist - Written questions

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in plants - Adaptations of the leaf to photosynthesis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain adaptations of the leaf to photosynthesis
- Relate leaf adaptations to their functions
- Appreciate how adaptations enhance photosynthesis

- Search Internet or offline digital content for information on adaptations of the leaf to photosynthesis
- Discuss how leaf features maximize photosynthesis
- Share findings with peers

How are leaves adapted to carry out photosynthesis efficiently?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 67)
- Digital resources
- Wall charts on leaf adaptations

- Oral questions - Written assessment - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in plants - Structure and function of chloroplast

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the structure of chloroplast
- Explain the functions of parts of the chloroplast
- Show interest in the chloroplast as site of photosynthesis

- Search for information on the structure of chloroplast using digital resources
- Draw and label a chloroplast showing its internal structure
- Discuss functions of chloroplast components

Why is the chloroplast important in photosynthesis?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 68)
- Digital resources
- Charts of chloroplast structure

- Diagrams - Written assessment - Oral questions

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in plants - Process of photosynthesis
Nutrition in plants - Light and dark reactions
Nutrition in plants - Products of photosynthesis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the process of photosynthesis
- Identify raw materials and products of photosynthesis
- Appreciate the importance of photosynthesis

- Identify products of photosynthesis
- Explain how products are formed and stored
- Appreciate the value of photosynthetic products

- Discuss pictorial summaries of photosynthesis
- Describe the light and dark stages of photosynthesis
- Discuss raw materials and their sources
- Discuss the products of photosynthesis using reference materials
- Explain how each organic food substance is produced and stored
- Make notes on findings

What happens during the process of photosynthesis?
What are the products of photosynthesis and how are they important?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 69)
- Digital resources
- Charts on photosynthesis
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 70)
- Charts on photosynthesis stages
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 71)
- Charts on photosynthesis
- Reference books

- Written test - Oral questions - Diagrams
- Written test - Oral assessment - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in plants - Gas produced during photosynthesis
Nutrition in plants - Testing for starch in a leaf

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate the gas produced during photosynthesis
- Identify oxygen as a by-product of photosynthesis
- Appreciate the experimental approach to studying photosynthesis

- Set up experiment with water plants to collect gas produced during photosynthesis
- Test the collected gas with a glowing splint
- Record and discuss observations

What gas is released during photosynthesis?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 72)
- Water plants (Elodea)
- Test tubes, beakers
- Sodium hydrogen carbonate
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 73)
- Fresh leaves
- Iodine solution
- Methylated spirit, hot water

- Practical skills - Written reports - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in plants - Conditions necessary for photosynthesis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Discuss conditions necessary for photosynthesis
- Explain the role of different factors in photosynthesis
- Show interest in factors affecting photosynthesis

- Search for information on conditions necessary for photosynthesis
- Discuss the role of light, carbon(IV) oxide, chlorophyll, and water
- Share findings with class

What conditions are necessary for photosynthesis to occur?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 74)
- Digital resources
- Reference books

- Written questions - Oral assessment - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in plants - Investigating light in photosynthesis
Nutrition in plants - Investigating carbon(IV) oxide in photosynthesis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate the necessity of light in photosynthesis
- Explain why light is essential for photosynthesis
- Show experimental skills in investigating photosynthesis

- Cover one leaf of a potted plant with light-proof material
- Place plant in dark for 48 hours then in light for 2-3 hours
- Test covered and uncovered leaves for starch

Why is light necessary for photosynthesis?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 75)
- Potted plant
- Light-proof material
- Iodine solution
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 76)
- Conical flask, cork
- Sodium hydroxide pellets

- Practical skills - Written reports - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in plants - Investigating chlorophyll in photosynthesis
Nutrition in plants - Investigating water in photosynthesis
Nutrition in plants - Importance of photosynthesis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate the necessity of chlorophyll in photosynthesis
- Explain the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis
- Show interest in experimental approach

- Discuss the necessity of water in photosynthesis
- Explain how water shortage affects plant growth
- Design a project to compare plants under different water conditions

- Use a plant with variegated leaves
- Expose to light after destarching
- Test the leaf for starch
- Observe distribution of starch in green and non-green parts
- Study photographs of plants exposed to different moisture conditions
- Discuss characteristics of each group of plants
- Design a simple investigation on water requirements

Why is chlorophyll necessary for photosynthesis?
How does water availability affect photosynthesis?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 77)
- Plant with variegated leaves
- Iodine solution
- Methylated spirit
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 78)
- Photographs of plants under different water conditions
- Digital resources
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 79)
- Reference books

- Practical skills - Written reports - Observation
- Project design - Written assessment - Oral questions

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in animals - Modes of nutrition

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Discuss different modes of nutrition in animals
- Differentiate between heterotrophic modes of nutrition
- Show interest in animal nutrition

- Search for information on modes of nutrition
- Discuss parasitic, saprophytic, symbiotic and holozoic nutrition
- Share findings with the class

How do animals obtain their food?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 80)
- Digital resources
- Charts on animal nutrition

- Written test - Oral questions - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in animals - Dentition in animals
Nutrition in animals - Types and structure of teeth

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define dentition
- Differentiate between homodont and heterodont dentition
- Show interest in animal dentition

- Observe specimens or models of different types of teeth
- Identify homodont and heterodont dentition
- Draw and label diagrams of different teeth types

What is dentition?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 81)
- Models of animal teeth
- Digital resources
- Charts of teeth
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 82)
- Models of teeth

- Drawings - Written questions - Oral assessment

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in animals - Functions of different teeth

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe functions of different types of teeth
- Relate teeth structure to their functions
- Show interest in adaptations of teeth

- Discuss functions of teeth using specimens or models
- Identify adaptations of teeth to their functions
- Share findings with peers

How do the different types of teeth function during feeding?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 83)
- Models of teeth
- Digital resources
- Charts

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in animals - Classification based on dentition
Nutrition in animals - Herbivores, carnivores, omnivores
Nutrition in animals - Digestive system in humans

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Classify animals based on their dentition
- Determine dental formula of different animals
- Show interest in dentition patterns

- Identify parts of the human digestive system
- Draw and label the digestive system
- Appreciate the organization of the digestive system

- Study specimens or models of jaws of different animals
- Count teeth in upper and lower jaws
- Determine dental formula of different animals
- Study charts on human digestive system
- Identify parts of the digestive system
- Draw and label the system

How are animals classified based on their dentition?
What are the main parts of the human digestive system?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 84)
- Specimens or models of animal jaws
- Digital resources
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 85)
- Models or specimens of animal jaws
- Charts
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 86)
- Charts of digestive system
- Models
- Digital resources

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Practical skills
- Drawings - Written assessment - Oral questions

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in animals - Process of digestion
Nutrition in animals - Absorption and assimilation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the process of digestion along the alimentary canal
- Describe the role of digestive juices and enzymes
- Show interest in the digestive process

- Search for information on digestion in the alimentary canal
- Discuss digestion in the mouth, stomach, duodenum and ileum
- Watch animations on the digestive process

How does the process of digestion occur?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 87)
- Digital resources
- Charts of digestive process
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 88)
- Charts of villi structure

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Functions of parts of a flower

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify parts of a flower
- Describe functions of flower parts
- Show interest in flower structure

- Collect and examine suitable flowers
- Identify calyx, corolla, pistil, stamen
- Discuss functions of each part

What are the different parts of a flower and their functions?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 86)
- Fresh flowers
- Hand lens
- Charts of flower structure

- Practical skills - Drawings - Written assessment

Living Things and Their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Pollination
Reproduction in plants - Adaptations to insect pollination

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define pollination
- Differentiate between self and cross-pollination
- Appreciate the importance of pollination

- Discuss the meaning of pollination
- Distinguish between self and cross-pollination
- Illustrate different types of pollination

What is pollination and why is it important?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 87)
- Digital resources
- Charts on pollination
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 88)
- Insect-pollinated flowers
- Hand lens
- Charts

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Adaptations to wind pollination
Reproduction in plants - Field observation of pollination
Reproduction in plants - Fertilization in flowering plants

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify features of wind-pollinated flowers
- Explain adaptations of flowers to wind pollination
- Compare wind and insect pollination

- Observe pollinating agents in action
- Identify different types of pollinating agents
- Show interest in natural pollination processes

- Examine a wind-pollinated flower
- Record structural features
- Discuss adaptations to wind pollination
- Survey different areas to identify flower types
- Observe organisms visiting flowers
- Record observations on pollinating agents

How are flowers adapted to wind pollination?
What organisms act as pollinating agents?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 94)
- Wind-pollinated flowers (grass/maize)
- Hand lens
- Charts
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 95)
- Flowers in school compound
- Hand lens
- Camera/smartphone
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 96)
- Digital resources
- Charts on plant fertilization

- Practical skills - Written assessment - Oral questions
- Field observation skills - Written reports - Practical assessment

Living Things and Their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Double fertilization

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the process of double fertilization
- Describe formation of zygote and endosperm
- Appreciate the uniqueness of flowering plant reproduction

- Search for animations on double fertilization
- Discuss the fusion of nuclei in the embryo sac
- Make a model of double fertilization

What happens during double fertilization?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 97)
- Digital resources
- Charts on double fertilization

- Model making - Written assessment - Oral questions

Living Things and Their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Fruit formation
Reproduction in plants - Types of fruits

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the process of fruit formation
- Explain development of ovary into fruit
- Show interest in post-fertilization changes

- Search for information on fruit formation
- Discuss events in fruit development
- Draw labeled diagrams of fruits

How does a fruit develop after fertilization?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 98)
- Digital resources
- Various fruits
- Charts
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 99)
- Knife/scalpel
- Specimen dishes

- Drawings - Written assessment - Oral questions

Living Things and Their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Fruit and seed dispersal

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the importance of fruit and seed dispersal
- Describe different methods of dispersal
- Appreciate adaptations for dispersal

- Collect fruits and seeds from different plants
- Observe external features
- Group fruits according to dispersal methods

How are fruits and seeds dispersed?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 102)
- Various fruits and seeds
- Hand lens
- Specimen dishes

- Practical skills - Written assessment - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Animals as dispersal agents
Reproduction in plants - Water as a dispersal agent
Reproduction in plants - Wind as a dispersal agent

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify fruits dispersed by animals
- Explain adaptations for animal dispersal
- Show interest in plant-animal interactions

- Identify fruits dispersed by wind
- Explain adaptations for wind dispersal
- Show interest in dispersal mechanisms

- Observe fruits adapted for animal dispersal
- Identify hooks, edible parts, and other adaptations
- Discuss the role of animals in seed dispersal
- Observe fruits adapted for wind dispersal
- Identify wings, hair, feathery structures
- Discuss censor mechanism and other adaptations

How are fruits adapted for dispersal by animals?
How are fruits adapted for dispersal by wind?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 106)
- Fruits with hooks (black jack)
- Succulent fruits
- Hand lens
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 107)
- Coconut fruit if available
- Pictures of water-dispersed fruits
- Digital resources
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 108)
- Wind-dispersed fruits/seeds
- Hand lens
- Digital resources

- Practical skills - Written assessment - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Self-dispersal mechanism
Reproduction in plants - Importance of dispersal

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe explosive dispersal mechanism
- Explain adaptations for self-dispersal
- Appreciate diversity in dispersal methods

- Observe fruits with explosive dispersal
- Identify legumes and other explosive fruits
- Discuss explosive mechanism process

How do some plants disperse their seeds without external agents?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 109)
- Pods of legumes
- Castor oil fruits if available
- Digital resources
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 110)
- Reference books

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Effect of agrochemicals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain effects of agrochemicals on pollinating agents
- Discuss impact on plant reproduction
- Show concern for environmental conservation

- Search for information on agrochemicals
- Discuss categories of agrochemicals
- Analyze effects on pollinators and plant reproduction

How do agrochemicals affect pollination and reproduction in plants?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 111)
- Digital resources
- Charts on agrochemicals

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Group discussions

Living Things and Their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Role of flowers in nature

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the role of flowers in nature
- Describe ecological and economic importance of flowers
- Appreciate the significance of flowers

- Search for information on roles of flowers
- Discuss ecological functions of flowers
- Discuss social and economic value of flowers

What is the role of flowers in nature?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 111)
- Digital resources
- Reference books

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Group presentations

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - Components of the environment
The interdependence of life - Competition
The interdependence of life - Predation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define ecosystem, ecology and environment
- Identify biotic and abiotic components
- Show interest in interactions in ecosystems

- Define predation, predator and prey
- Explain adaptations of predators and prey
- Show interest in predator-prey relationships

- Study diagrams of ecosystems
- Identify living and non-living components
- Discuss relationships between organisms
- Search for information on predation
- Discuss adaptations of predators and prey
- Analyze predator-prey population dynamics

What is an ecosystem?
How does predation affect population dynamics?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 115)
- Digital resources
- Charts of ecosystems
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 116)
- Reference books
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 117)
- Digital resources
- Videos on predation

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Observation
- Written assessment - Oral questions - Group discussions

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - Parasitism
The interdependence of life - Symbiosis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define parasitism, parasite and host
- Explain effects of parasites on hosts
- Show interest in parasite-host relationships

- Search for information on parasitism
- Discuss types of parasites affecting humans and animals
- Analyze effect on distribution of organisms

How do parasites affect their hosts?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 119)
- Digital resources
- Charts on parasitism
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 120)
- Charts on symbiosis

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Group discussions

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - Saprophytism

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define saprophytism
- Explain the role of saprophytes in ecosystems
- Appreciate decomposers in nutrient cycling

- Search for information on saprophytes
- Discuss bread molds, mushrooms and other decomposers
- Analyze effects on nutrient cycling

How do saprophytes contribute to ecosystem functioning?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 121)
- Digital resources
- Photographs of fungi

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Group presentations

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - Temperature effects
The interdependence of life - Light effects

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Measure environmental temperature
- Explain effects of temperature on organisms
- Show interest in abiotic factors

- Suspend thermometer to measure air temperature
- Measure soil and water temperature
- Discuss effects of temperature on organisms

How does temperature affect living organisms?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 122)
- Thermometers
- Water in basin
- Digital resources
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 123)
- Light meter if available
- Secchi disc

- Practical skills - Written assessment - Oral questions

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - Atmospheric pressure
The interdependence of life - Humidity effects
The interdependence of life - Wind effects

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define atmospheric pressure
- Explain effects of atmospheric pressure on organisms
- Show interest in pressure as an ecological factor

- Define humidity
- Explain effects of humidity on organisms
- Demonstrate measurement of humidity

- Discuss meaning of atmospheric pressure
- Explain how pressure changes with altitude
- Analyze effects on organisms
- Discuss meaning of humidity
- Measure humidity using cobalt chloride paper
- Analyze effects on plants and animals

How does atmospheric pressure affect organisms?
How does humidity affect organisms?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 124)
- Digital resources
- Barometer if available
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 125)
- Cobalt(II) chloride paper
- Forceps
- Stopwatch
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 126)
- Digital resources
- Materials for windsock/wind vane

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Group discussions
- Practical skills - Written assessment - Oral questions

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - pH and salinity

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define pH and salinity
- Measure pH of soil and water samples
- Explain effects of pH and salinity on organisms

- Test pH of water samples
- Test pH of soil samples
- Discuss effects on organisms

How do pH and salinity affect living organisms?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 127)
- Universal indicator paper
- Soil and water samples
- Test tubes

- Practical skills - Written assessment - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - Energy flow
The interdependence of life - Food chains

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain energy flow in ecosystems
- Describe trophic levels
- Appreciate energy transfer in nature

- Discuss energy flow from sun to producers and consumers
- Explain the concept of trophic levels
- Analyze energy loss between trophic levels

How does energy flow through an ecosystem?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 128)
- Digital resources
- Charts on energy flow
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 129)
- Charts on food chains

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Group discussions

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - Food webs

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define food web
- Construct food webs from food chains
- Appreciate complexity of feeding relationships

- Observe feeding habits of organisms
- Construct multiple food chains
- Combine food chains into food webs

How do food chains interact to form food webs?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 130)
- Digital resources
- Charts on food webs

- Food web construction - Written assessment - Group presentations

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - National Parks ecosystem
The interdependence of life - Decomposers
The interdependence of life - Human activities

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify organisms in Kenyan National Parks
- Describe interrelationships in National Parks
- Appreciate biodiversity conservation

- Describe effects of human activities on ecosystems
- Explain habitat change, conservation, and species introduction
- Show concern for environmental conservation

- Select a National Park for study
- Research organisms found in the park
- Construct food webs based on park organisms
- Search for information on human impacts
- Discuss habitat change, poaching, and introduced species
- Analyze conservation methods

What interrelationships exist in Kenyan National Parks?
How do human activities affect the environment?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 131)
- Digital resources
- Reference books on National Parks
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 132)
- School compost site
- Hand lens
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 133)
- Digital resources
- Reference books

- Project work - Written assessment - Group presentations
- Written assessment - Group presentations - Debates