Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Structure of the atom - Protons, electrons and neutrons

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define the term atom
- Describe the structure of an atom
- Show interest in learning about atoms

- Discuss the meaning of an atom and illustrate its structure
- Search the Internet or use reference books to get information about the atom
- Draw the structure of an atom

How is the structure of the atom important?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 1
- Digital resources
- Internet access and reference books

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Structure of the atom - Protons, electrons and neutrons
Structure of the atom - Atomic number and mass number
Structure of the atom - Atomic number and mass number

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify the subatomic particles in an atom
- Explain the location and electrical charges of subatomic particles
- Show interest in the study of atoms

- Discuss the composition of an atom
- Locate the components within the atom
- Discuss the electrical charges of protons, electrons and neutrons

How small are atoms and are they divisible?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 1
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Charts showing atomic structure
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 2
- Periodic table
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 3

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Structure of the atom - Electron arrangement
Structure of the atom - Energy level diagrams
Structure of the atom - Energy level diagrams
Structure of the atom - Metals and non-metals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of electron arrangement
- State the rules of electron arrangement
- Write electron arrangements of elements

- Draw electron dot or cross diagrams for various elements
- Label the energy levels correctly
- Appreciate the importance of energy level diagrams

- Search for information about electron arrangement
- Discuss energy levels and their electron capacities
- Practice writing electron arrangements
- Draw dot or cross diagrams for elements
- Compare diagrams with charts
- Display completed diagrams for assessment

How are electrons arranged in an atom?
What information can be derived from energy level diagrams?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 5
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Periodic table
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 7
- Manila paper and felt pens
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 7
- Charts
- Manila paper
- Colored pencils
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 8
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Periodic table

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments
- Observation - Portfolio assessment - Peer evaluation

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Structure of the atom - Metals and non-metals
Structure of the atom - Model the atomic structure
Structure of the atom - Model the atomic structure

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify the features of metals based on electron arrangement
- Identify the features of non-metals based on electron arrangement
- Distinguish metals from non-metals

- Study electron arrangements of metals and non-metals
- Identify the pattern in electron arrangements
- Draw conclusions on classification

What makes an element a metal or a non-metal?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 8
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Periodic table
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 9
- Locally available materials
- Glue, scissors, colored papers
- Markers and labels

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Structure of the atom - Review and assessment
Metals and Alloys - Physical properties of metals
Metals and Alloys - Physical properties of metals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Summarize key concepts about atomic structure
- Attempt questions on structure of atoms
- Show confidence in understanding atomic structure

- Review key concepts of atomic structure
- Answer revision questions
- Discuss solutions to problems

How does understanding the structure of atoms help explain the properties of elements?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 10
- Previous notes
- Assessment questions
- Reference books
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 12
- Various metallic and non-metallic objects
- Writing materials
- Internet access
- Charts showing melting points

- Written test - Observation - Oral questions

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Metals and Alloys - Physical properties of metals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate electrical conductivity of metals
- Explain why metals conduct electricity
- Show interest in investigating properties of metals

- Set up an electric circuit
- Test conductivity of various metals
- Record and discuss observations

Why are metals good conductors of electricity?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 13
- Dry cells, connecting wires
- Metallic samples
- Bulbs and crocodile clips
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 14
- Metal rods
- Candles, matches
- Heat source
- Clamp and stand
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 15
- Iron nails, copper wire
- Zinc rod, hammer
- Iron block

- Observation - Oral questions - Written reports

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Metals and Alloys - Physical properties of metals
Metals and Alloys - Composition of alloys
Metals and Alloys - Composition of alloys
Metals and Alloys - Uses of metals and alloys
Metals and Alloys - Rusting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Discuss the ductility of metals
- Explain the process of drawing metals into wires
- Appreciate the application of ductility

- Identify uses of common metals in daily life
- Relate the properties of metals to their uses
- Appreciate the importance of metals

- Search for information on copper wire production
- Discuss the meaning of drawing metal into wire
- Present findings to class
- Search for information on uses of metals
- Compile findings in a table format
- Present findings to class

What makes metals ductile?
How are metals used in day-to-day life?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 16
- Internet access
- Print media
- Wire samples
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 18
- Reference books
- Alloy samples
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 19
- Padlocks, keys, door hinges
- Spoons, kitchen knives
- Water taps, rivets
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 21
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Metal samples
- Alloy samples
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 23
- Rusted metal samples

- Observation - Oral questions - Presentations
- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Metals and Alloys - Rusting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate the process of rusting
- Identify conditions necessary for rusting
- Show interest in investigating rusting

- Set up apparatus to investigate rusting
- Observe changes over days
- Record and discuss observations

What conditions are necessary for rusting to occur?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 23
- Test tubes, nails
- Water, oil, cotton wool
- Anhydrous calcium chloride
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 24
- Rusted metal samples
- Internet access
- Reference books

- Observation - Oral questions - Written reports

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Metals and Alloys - Rusting
Metals and Alloys - Review and assessment
Water Hardness - Physical properties of water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Discuss methods of preventing rusting
- Explain how each method works
- Show interest in rust prevention

- Discuss methods of preventing rusting
- Demonstrate some prevention methods
- Present findings to class

How can rusting be prevented?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 25
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Materials for demonstrations
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 26
- Previous notes
- Assessment questions
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 27
- Boiling tubes
- Colored solutions
- Test tubes rack
- Color chart

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Water Hardness - Physical properties of water
Water Hardness - Hard and soft water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Test for the odor of water
- Test for the taste of water
- Show interest in investigating water properties

- Smell water samples using correct technique
- Taste water samples (safe samples only)
- Record observations

What makes water tasteless and odorless?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 27
- Water samples
- Beakers
- Test tubes
- Droppers
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 28
- Beaker, thermometer
- Heat source
- Tripod stand, clamp
- Distilled water
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 29
- Liquid soap
- Test tubes with corks

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Water Hardness - Hard and soft water
Water Hardness - Hard and soft water
Water Hardness - Methods of softening hard water
Water Hardness - Methods of softening hard water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define hard and soft water
- Explain the causes of water hardness
- Show interest in water hardness

- Outline disadvantages of hard water
- Explain problems caused by hard water
- Appreciate the importance of understanding water hardness

- Search for information on hard and soft water
- Discuss causes of water hardness
- Present findings to class
- Research disadvantages of hard water
- Discuss effects on soap usage and appliances
- Present findings to class

What causes water to be hard?
What problems are associated with hard water?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 29
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Water samples
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 30
- Hard water samples
- Charts
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 31
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Scaled kettle elements
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 32
- Charts
- Calcium hydrogen carbonate solution
- Soap solution
- Heat source
- Test tubes

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Water Hardness - Methods of softening hard water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Soften hard water by adding sodium carbonate
- Test the effectiveness of chemical treatment
- Show interest in water treatment

- Add sodium carbonate to hard water
- Filter the mixture
- Test water before and after treatment

How effective is sodium carbonate in softening hard water?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 33
- Calcium hydrogen carbonate solution
- Sodium carbonate
- Filter paper and funnel
- Soap solution
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 34
- Round-bottomed flask
- Liebig condenser
- Heat source
- Hard water samples
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 35
- Previous experimental results
- Reference books
- Internet access

- Observation - Oral questions - Written reports

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds
Living Things and Their Environment

Water Hardness - Review and assessment
Nutrition in plants - Parts of a leaf

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Summarize key concepts about water hardness
- Attempt questions on water hardness
- Show confidence in understanding water hardness

- Review key concepts
- Answer revision questions
- Discuss solutions to problems

Why is understanding water hardness important in daily life?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 36
- Previous notes
- Assessment questions
- Reference books
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 64)
- Hand lens
- Variety of fresh leaves
- Labelled charts of a leaf

- Written test - Observation - Oral questions

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in plants - Internal structure of a leaf
Nutrition in plants - Functions of leaf parts
Nutrition in plants - Adaptations of the leaf to photosynthesis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify the internal structures of a leaf
- Draw and label the internal structure of a leaf
- Show interest in the internal structure of the leaf

- Observe prepared slides of transverse sections of a leaf under a light microscope
- Identify various structures in the sections observed
- Draw and label the internal structure of the leaf

How does the internal structure of a leaf relate to its function?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 65)
- Prepared slides of leaf sections
- Light microscope
- Charts of leaf TS
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 66)
- Digital resources
- Charts showing leaf structures
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 67)
- Wall charts on leaf adaptations

- Drawing skills - Observation checklist - Written questions

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in plants - Structure and function of chloroplast
Nutrition in plants - Process of photosynthesis
Nutrition in plants - Light and dark reactions
Nutrition in plants - Products of photosynthesis
Nutrition in plants - Gas produced during photosynthesis
Nutrition in plants - Testing for starch in a leaf

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the structure of chloroplast
- Explain the functions of parts of the chloroplast
- Show interest in the chloroplast as site of photosynthesis

- Identify products of photosynthesis
- Explain how products are formed and stored
- Appreciate the value of photosynthetic products

- Search for information on the structure of chloroplast using digital resources
- Draw and label a chloroplast showing its internal structure
- Discuss functions of chloroplast components
- Discuss the products of photosynthesis using reference materials
- Explain how each organic food substance is produced and stored
- Make notes on findings

Why is the chloroplast important in photosynthesis?
What are the products of photosynthesis and how are they important?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 68)
- Digital resources
- Charts of chloroplast structure
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 69)
- Charts on photosynthesis
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 70)
- Charts on photosynthesis stages
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 71)
- Charts on photosynthesis
- Reference books
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 72)
- Water plants (Elodea)
- Test tubes, beakers
- Sodium hydrogen carbonate
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 73)
- Fresh leaves
- Iodine solution
- Methylated spirit, hot water

- Diagrams - Written assessment - Oral questions
- Written test - Oral assessment - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in plants - Conditions necessary for photosynthesis
Nutrition in plants - Investigating light in photosynthesis
Nutrition in plants - Investigating carbon(IV) oxide in photosynthesis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Discuss conditions necessary for photosynthesis
- Explain the role of different factors in photosynthesis
- Show interest in factors affecting photosynthesis

- Search for information on conditions necessary for photosynthesis
- Discuss the role of light, carbon(IV) oxide, chlorophyll, and water
- Share findings with class

What conditions are necessary for photosynthesis to occur?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 74)
- Digital resources
- Reference books
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 75)
- Potted plant
- Light-proof material
- Iodine solution
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 76)
- Conical flask, cork
- Sodium hydroxide pellets

- Written questions - Oral assessment - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in plants - Investigating chlorophyll in photosynthesis
Nutrition in plants - Investigating water in photosynthesis
Nutrition in plants - Importance of photosynthesis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate the necessity of chlorophyll in photosynthesis
- Explain the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis
- Show interest in experimental approach

- Use a plant with variegated leaves
- Expose to light after destarching
- Test the leaf for starch
- Observe distribution of starch in green and non-green parts

Why is chlorophyll necessary for photosynthesis?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 77)
- Plant with variegated leaves
- Iodine solution
- Methylated spirit
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 78)
- Photographs of plants under different water conditions
- Digital resources
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 79)
- Reference books

- Practical skills - Written reports - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in animals - Modes of nutrition
Nutrition in animals - Dentition in animals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Discuss different modes of nutrition in animals
- Differentiate between heterotrophic modes of nutrition
- Show interest in animal nutrition

- Search for information on modes of nutrition
- Discuss parasitic, saprophytic, symbiotic and holozoic nutrition
- Share findings with the class

How do animals obtain their food?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 80)
- Digital resources
- Charts on animal nutrition
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 81)
- Models of animal teeth
- Charts of teeth

- Written test - Oral questions - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in animals - Types and structure of teeth
Nutrition in animals - Functions of different teeth
Nutrition in animals - Classification based on dentition
Nutrition in animals - Herbivores, carnivores, omnivores
Nutrition in animals - Digestive system in humans
Nutrition in animals - Process of digestion

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify different types of teeth
- Describe the structure of teeth
- Appreciate the relationship between structure and function in teeth

- Identify dentition of herbivores, carnivores and omnivores
- Explain adaptations of teeth to different feeding habits
- Show interest in relationship between dentition and diet

- Examine models or specimens of different teeth types
- Draw and label external and internal structure of teeth
- Discuss functions of different teeth parts
- Study jaws of herbivores, carnivores and omnivores
- Identify adaptations of teeth to feeding habits
- Discuss dental formula of different animal groups

How are teeth adapted to their functions?
How does dentition reflect the feeding habits of animals?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 82)
- Models of teeth
- Digital resources
- Charts of teeth
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 83)
- Charts
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 84)
- Specimens or models of animal jaws
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 85)
- Models or specimens of animal jaws
- Digital resources
- Charts
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 86)
- Charts of digestive system
- Models
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 87)
- Charts of digestive process

- Drawings - Written assessment - Observation
- Written assessment - Oral questions - Practical skills

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in animals - Absorption and assimilation
Reproduction in plants - Functions of parts of a flower
Reproduction in plants - Pollination

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the process of absorption in the ileum
- Explain the process of assimilation of nutrients
- Appreciate the efficiency of the digestive system

- Discuss adaptations of the ileum to absorption
- Draw and label the structure of a villus
- Discuss fate of absorbed food substances

How are digested food substances absorbed and utilized?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 88)
- Charts of villi structure
- Digital resources
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 86)
- Fresh flowers
- Hand lens
- Charts of flower structure
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 87)
- Charts on pollination

- Written assessment - Drawings - Oral questions

Living Things and Their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Adaptations to insect pollination
Reproduction in plants - Adaptations to wind pollination
Reproduction in plants - Field observation of pollination

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify features of insect-pollinated flowers
- Explain adaptations of flowers to insect pollination
- Show interest in flower adaptations

- Examine an insect-pollinated flower
- Record color, scent, size of flower
- Discuss adaptations to insect pollination

How are flowers adapted to insect pollination?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 88)
- Insect-pollinated flowers
- Hand lens
- Charts
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 94)
- Wind-pollinated flowers (grass/maize)
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 95)
- Flowers in school compound
- Camera/smartphone

- Practical skills - Written assessment - Oral questions

Living Things and Their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Fertilization in flowering plants
Reproduction in plants - Double fertilization
Reproduction in plants - Fruit formation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe structures containing male and female gametes
- Explain the process of fertilization in flowering plants
- Appreciate sexual reproduction in plants

- Search for information on fertilization in plants
- Study diagrams of pollen grains and embryo sacs
- Discuss pollen tube growth and fertilization

How does fertilization occur in flowering plants?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 96)
- Digital resources
- Charts on plant fertilization
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 97)
- Charts on double fertilization
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 98)
- Various fruits
- Charts

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Drawings

Living Things and Their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Types of fruits
Reproduction in plants - Fruit and seed dispersal
Reproduction in plants - Animals as dispersal agents
Reproduction in plants - Water as a dispersal agent
Reproduction in plants - Wind as a dispersal agent

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Classify fruits based on structure
- Differentiate between succulent and dry fruits
- Show interest in fruit diversity

- Identify fruits dispersed by water
- Explain adaptations for water dispersal
- Appreciate plant-environment interactions

- Collect various fruits and seeds
- Group fruits into dry and succulent types
- Observe internal features of different fruits
- Observe fruits adapted for water dispersal
- Identify buoyancy adaptations
- Discuss features of water-dispersed fruits

How are fruits classified?
How are fruits adapted for dispersal by water?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 99)
- Various fruits
- Knife/scalpel
- Specimen dishes
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 102)
- Various fruits and seeds
- Hand lens
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 106)
- Fruits with hooks (black jack)
- Succulent fruits
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 107)
- Coconut fruit if available
- Pictures of water-dispersed fruits
- Digital resources
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 108)
- Wind-dispersed fruits/seeds
- Hand lens

- Practical skills - Written assessment - Classification charts
- Written assessment - Oral questions - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Self-dispersal mechanism
Reproduction in plants - Importance of dispersal
Reproduction in plants - Effect of agrochemicals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe explosive dispersal mechanism
- Explain adaptations for self-dispersal
- Appreciate diversity in dispersal methods

- Observe fruits with explosive dispersal
- Identify legumes and other explosive fruits
- Discuss explosive mechanism process

How do some plants disperse their seeds without external agents?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 109)
- Pods of legumes
- Castor oil fruits if available
- Digital resources
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 110)
- Reference books
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 111)
- Charts on agrochemicals

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Role of flowers in nature
The interdependence of life - Components of the environment
The interdependence of life - Competition

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the role of flowers in nature
- Describe ecological and economic importance of flowers
- Appreciate the significance of flowers

- Search for information on roles of flowers
- Discuss ecological functions of flowers
- Discuss social and economic value of flowers

What is the role of flowers in nature?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 111)
- Digital resources
- Reference books
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 115)
- Charts of ecosystems
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 116)

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Group presentations

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - Predation
The interdependence of life - Parasitism
The interdependence of life - Symbiosis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define predation, predator and prey
- Explain adaptations of predators and prey
- Show interest in predator-prey relationships

- Search for information on predation
- Discuss adaptations of predators and prey
- Analyze predator-prey population dynamics

How does predation affect population dynamics?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 117)
- Digital resources
- Videos on predation
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 119)
- Charts on parasitism
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 120)
- Charts on symbiosis

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Group discussions

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - Saprophytism
The interdependence of life - Temperature effects
The interdependence of life - Light effects
The interdependence of life - Atmospheric pressure
The interdependence of life - Humidity effects
The interdependence of life - Wind effects

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define saprophytism
- Explain the role of saprophytes in ecosystems
- Appreciate decomposers in nutrient cycling

- Define atmospheric pressure
- Explain effects of atmospheric pressure on organisms
- Show interest in pressure as an ecological factor

- Search for information on saprophytes
- Discuss bread molds, mushrooms and other decomposers
- Analyze effects on nutrient cycling
- Discuss meaning of atmospheric pressure
- Explain how pressure changes with altitude
- Analyze effects on organisms

How do saprophytes contribute to ecosystem functioning?
How does atmospheric pressure affect organisms?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 121)
- Digital resources
- Photographs of fungi
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 122)
- Thermometers
- Water in basin
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 123)
- Light meter if available
- Secchi disc
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 124)
- Digital resources
- Barometer if available
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 125)
- Cobalt(II) chloride paper
- Forceps
- Stopwatch
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 126)
- Materials for windsock/wind vane

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Group presentations
- Written assessment - Oral questions - Group discussions

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - pH and salinity
The interdependence of life - Energy flow

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define pH and salinity
- Measure pH of soil and water samples
- Explain effects of pH and salinity on organisms

- Test pH of water samples
- Test pH of soil samples
- Discuss effects on organisms

How do pH and salinity affect living organisms?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 127)
- Universal indicator paper
- Soil and water samples
- Test tubes
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 128)
- Digital resources
- Charts on energy flow

- Practical skills - Written assessment - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - Food chains
The interdependence of life - Food webs
The interdependence of life - National Parks ecosystem

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define food chain
- Construct simple food chains
- Show interest in feeding relationships

- Observe feeding habits of organisms
- Record what each organism feeds on
- Construct food chains based on observations

What is a food chain?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 129)
- Digital resources
- Charts on food chains
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 130)
- Charts on food webs
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 131)
- Reference books on National Parks

- Written assessment - Food chain construction - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment
Force and Energy

The interdependence of life - Decomposers
The interdependence of life - Human activities
Curved mirrors - Types of curved mirrors
Curved mirrors - Types of curved mirrors
Curved mirrors - Images formed by concave and convex mirrors
Curved mirrors - Images formed by concave and convex mirrors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the role of decomposers in ecosystems
- Explain nutrient cycling
- Appreciate the importance of decomposers

- Distinguish between concave and convex mirrors
- Compare parabolic reflectors with other curved mirrors
- Show interest in different types of reflectors

- Visit a compost site to observe decomposition
- Discuss the role of decomposers in nutrient cycling
- Analyze nitrogen, carbon and sulphur cycles
- Examine the curving of different mirrors
- Identify the reflecting surfaces of different mirrors
- Draw diagrams to illustrate different curved mirror surfaces

What role do decomposers play in an ecosystem?
How do different curved mirrors differ in structure?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 132)
- Digital resources
- School compost site
- Hand lens
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 133)
- Reference books
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 147
- Car driving mirrors
- Car headlight reflectors
- Laboratory curved mirrors
- Digital content on curved mirrors
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 147
- Laboratory curved mirrors
- Digital resources
- Drawing materials
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 148
- Internet resources
- Digital devices
- Geometrical sets
- Curved mirrors
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 149
- Diagrams of curved mirrors

- Written assessment - Practical skills - Group discussions
- Observation - Drawing assessment - Oral questions

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Images formed by concave and convex mirrors
Curved mirrors - Focal length
Curved mirrors - Position of image formed by concave mirrors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the principal axis of curved mirrors
- Explain the principal focus and focal plane
- Show interest in optical features

- Draw the principal axis for concave and convex mirrors
- Locate the principal focus on mirror diagrams
- Discuss the focal plane and its significance

How does the principal focus relate to image formation?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 150
- Diagrams of curved mirrors
- Geometrical sets
- Drawing materials
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 152
- Concave mirrors
- Meter rule
- White screen
- Mirror holder
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 153
- Mirror holders
- Meter rules
- Screens
- Candles

- Observation - Drawing assessment - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Position of image formed by convex mirrors
Curved mirrors - Rays commonly used for ray diagram construction
Curved mirrors - Rays commonly used for ray diagram construction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Locate images formed by convex mirrors
- Describe image characteristics for convex mirrors
- Compare images formed by concave and convex mirrors

- Observe images formed by convex mirrors
- Record image characteristics
- Compare with images formed by concave mirrors

How do images formed by convex mirrors differ from those formed by concave mirrors?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 154
- Convex mirrors
- Mirror holders
- Objects
- Meter rules
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 155
- Internet resources
- Digital devices
- Manila paper
- Drawing materials
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 156
- Ruler and protractor
- Reference materials

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Rays commonly used for ray diagram construction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Construct ray diagrams for concave mirrors
- Locate images using ray diagrams
- Show interest in graphical representation

- Draw ray diagrams for different object positions
- Use ray diagrams to locate images
- Determine image characteristics from ray diagrams

How can ray diagrams be used to predict image characteristics?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 157
- Manila paper
- Drawing materials
- Ruler and protractor
- Reference materials
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 159

- Observation - Drawing assessment - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Uses of concave mirrors
Curved mirrors - Uses of convex mirrors
Curved mirrors - Review and assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain applications of concave mirrors
- Relate object positions to specific applications
- Show interest in practical applications

- Explain applications of convex mirrors
- Describe security and safety uses
- Show interest in practical applications

- Search for information on applications of concave mirrors
- Relate applications to image characteristics
- Present findings to class
- Discuss the use of convex mirrors for surveillance
- Explain their applications in security systems
- Research use at road junctions and corners

What makes concave mirrors suitable for specific applications?
How do convex mirrors enhance security and safety?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 161
- Digital devices
- Internet connectivity
- Charts of ray diagrams
- Digital resources
- Torch with reflector
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 162
- Reference materials
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 163
- Digital resources
- Internet connectivity
- Reference materials
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 164
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 166
- Previous notes
- Assessment questions

- Observation - Oral presentations - Written assignments
- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Waves - Generation of waves
Waves - Classification of waves
Waves - Classification of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define waves in scientific terms
- Describe how waves are generated
- Show interest in wave phenomena

- Observe waves created in water
- Generate sound waves using a drum/speaker
- Discuss energy transfer through waves

What are waves and how are they generated?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 170
- Water in a basin
- Drum
- Speaker connected to radio
- Small stones
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 172
- Slinky spring
- Rope
- Smooth surface
- Rigid support
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 173

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Waves - Characteristics of waves
Waves - Frequency and periodic time

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify parts of a wave
- Measure the amplitude of a wave
- Show interest in wave properties

- Generate waves with a slinky spring
- Identify and measure amplitude
- Draw wave patterns

What are the key components that define a wave?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 175
- Slinky spring
- Meter rule
- Chalk
- Drawing materials
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 177
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 180
- Stopwatch

- Observation - Measurement skills assessment - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Waves - Frequency and periodic time
Waves - Speed of a wave
Waves - Speed of a wave

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Solve problems involving frequency and periodic time
- Draw displacement-time graphs
- Show interest in wave calculations

- Practice solving problems with frequency and period
- Draw and interpret wave graphs
- Discuss the significance of frequency in real applications

How does frequency affect wave behavior and applications?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 181
- Calculators
- Graph paper
- Reference materials
- Problem sets
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 183
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 184
- Chart paper

- Observation - Problem-solving assessment - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Waves - Properties of waves
Waves - Properties of waves
Waves - Remote sensing
Waves - Remote sensing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate reflection of waves
- Explain how waves are reflected
- Show interest in wave properties

- Demonstrate diffraction of waves
- Explain the factors affecting diffraction
- Show interest in wave behavior

- Set up a ripple tank to demonstrate wave reflection
- Observe reflection patterns from different surfaces
- Compare with reflection of light
- Set up a ripple tank with barriers having gaps
- Observe spreading of waves through gaps
- Investigate the effect of gap size

How do waves behave when they encounter boundaries?
How do waves spread around obstacles or through openings?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 186
- Ripple tank
- Straight edge
- Metal reflectors
- Water
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 187
- Glass block
- Wave generator
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 188
- Ripple tank
- Metal barriers
- Water
- Wave generator
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 189
- Digital resources
- Photographs
- Internet connectivity
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 190
- Drawing materials

- Observation - Practical skills assessment - Written reports

Force and Energy

Waves - Applications of waves
Waves - Review and assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify applications of waves in medicine
- Explain how waves are used in medical imaging
- Show interest in medical applications

- Research applications of waves in medicine
- Discuss ultrasound, X-rays, and MRI scans
- Create presentations on medical applications

How are waves applied in medical imaging?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 191
- Digital resources
- Internet connectivity
- Presentation materials
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 192
- Poster materials
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 193
- Chart materials
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 194
- Table templates
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 195
- Previous notes
- Assessment questions
- Reference materials

- Observation - Presentations - Written assignments