Foundations of Pre-Technical Studies

Fire Safety - Identifying possible causes of fire outbreak in the environment
Fire Safety - Flammable and combustible materials

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define the term fire
- Identify possible causes of fire outbreak in the environment
- Show interest in learning about fire safety

- Brainstorm on the meaning of fire
- Discuss the importance of fire in daily life
- Study pictures showing possible causes of fire outbreak and identify them
- Share experiences of fire outbreaks in their locality

How is fire important in daily life?

- MENTOR Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 1
- Digital resources
- Internet access and reference books
- Pictures of fire outbreaks
- MENTOR Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 2
- Digital devices
- Pictures of flammable and combustible materials
- Internet access

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Foundations of Pre-Technical Studies

Fire Safety - Ways of preventing fire outbreaks in the environment
Fire Safety - Extinguishing fires in the environment
Fire Safety - Importance of fire safety in the environment
Data Safety - Importance of data in an electronic device

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify ways of preventing fire outbreaks in the environment
- Explain measures taken to prevent fire outbreaks at home and in school
- Show responsibility in preventing fire outbreaks

- Study pictures showing fire prevention measures
- Identify possible causes of fire in the pictures
- Discuss measures put in place to prevent fire outbreak in school and at home
- Identify safety measures taken to prevent fire outbreaks at home and in school

What measures can be put in place to prevent fire outbreaks?

- MENTOR Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 4
- Pictures showing fire prevention measures
- Digital resources
- Charts showing fire prevention measures
- MENTOR Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 6
- Pictures showing firefighting techniques
- Firefighting equipment
- MENTOR Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 8
- Resource person
- Workplace in the locality
- Fire safety equipment
- MENTOR Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 10
- Digital devices
- Reference materials
- Charts and posters

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Foundations of Pre-Technical Studies

Data Safety - Identifying threats to data in an electronic device
Computer Hardware - Meaning and classification
Computer Hardware - Input devices

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify various threats to data in electronic devices
- Explain how these threats can harm data
- Show concern for data safety

- Study pictures showing threats displayed on digital devices
- Identify the threats displayed on the devices
- Discuss how the threats can harm the data in the devices
- Search for information on threats to data in electronic devices

What are the common threats to data in electronic devices?

- MENTOR Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 11
- Digital devices
- Pictures showing threats to data
- Internet access
- MENTOR Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8
- Computer hardware components
- Reference materials
- Computer input devices (keyboards, mouse, scanners, etc.)

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Foundations of Pre-Technical Studies

Computer Hardware - Output devices
Computer Hardware - Storage devices
Computer Hardware - Using input devices

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify various output devices used in computing
- Classify output devices as hardcopy or softcopy
- Value the role of output devices in computing

- Use available resources to search for information on output devices
- Categorize output devices into hardcopy and softcopy devices
- Discuss the functions of various output devices
- Demonstrate the use of different output devices

How do output devices enhance user experience in computing?

- MENTOR Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8
- Computer output devices (monitors, printers, speakers, etc.)
- Digital devices
- Reference materials
- Computer storage devices (hard drives, flash drives, memory cards, etc.)
- Computer input devices
- Task sheets

- Observation - Oral questions - Practical demonstration - Written tests

Foundations of Pre-Technical Studies

Computer Hardware - Using output devices
Computer Hardware - Using storage devices

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate the proper use of output devices
- Perform basic tasks using output devices
- Show interest in exploring output device capabilities

- Demonstrate how to use various output devices
- Practice using monitors, printers, speakers, and other output devices
- Perform specific tasks such as printing documents and displaying presentations
- Share experiences using different output devices

How do we effectively use output devices for specific tasks?

- MENTOR Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8
- Computer output devices
- Digital devices
- Task sheets
- Computer storage devices

- Observation - Practical demonstration - Peer assessment - Task completion

Foundations of Pre-Technical Studies

Computer Hardware - Importance of computer hardware
Computer Hardware - Maintenance of computer hardware

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the importance of computer hardware in daily activities
- Identify applications of computer hardware in various fields
- Show appreciation for the role of computer hardware in modern society

- Discuss the importance of computer hardware in education, business, healthcare, and other fields
- Share experiences on how computer hardware has impacted daily life
- Create presentations on the applications of computer hardware
- Debate on the importance of computer hardware in modern society

How has computer hardware transformed modern society?

- MENTOR Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8
- Digital devices
- Reference materials
- Case studies on computer hardware applications
- Computer hardware components
- Cleaning materials
- Maintenance guides

- Observation - Oral presentations - Written assignments - Debate participation

Foundations of Pre-Technical Studies

Computer Hardware - Safety when using computer hardware
Computer Hardware - Technological trends in computer hardware

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify safety measures when using computer hardware
- Explain the importance of safety in computer usage
- Show responsibility in observing safety measures

- Discuss safety measures when using computer hardware
- Create posters on computer safety
- Role-play proper and improper computer usage scenarios
- Research and present on the health implications of improper computer usage

What safety measures should be observed when using computer hardware?

- MENTOR Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8
- Digital devices
- Safety posters
- Reference materials
- Case studies on computer-related health issues
- Internet access
- Historical and current images of computer hardware

- Observation - Oral presentations - Written assignments - Role-play performance

Foundations of Pre-Technical Studies

Consumer and Investor Protection - Meaning and importance
Consumer and Investor Protection - Ways of protecting consumers and investors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define consumer and investor protection
- Explain the importance of consumer and investor protection in Kenya
- Appreciate the need for protection of consumers and investors

- Brainstorm and present on the meaning and importance of consumer and investor protection in Kenya
- Use available resources to search for information on the importance of consumer and investor protection
- Discuss the rights of consumers and investors
- Share experiences related to consumer and investor protection

Why is consumer and investor protection important in Kenya?

- MENTOR Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8
- Digital devices
- Reference materials
- Case studies on consumer and investor protection
- Government publications on consumer protection

- Observation - Oral presentations - Written assignments - Class discussions

Foundations of Pre-Technical Studies
Communication

Consumer and Investor Protection - Role of organizations in protection
Consumer and Investor Protection - Government financial regulators
Business Communication - Forms of communication

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify organizations that protect consumers and investors in Kenya
- Explain the roles of these organizations
- Value the contribution of these organizations in consumer and investor protection

- Use print or digital media to search for information on ways in which non-Governmental organizations protect consumers' and investors' concerns in Kenya
- Engage a resource person to discuss ways in which non-Governmental organizations protect consumers' and investors' concerns
- Create posters highlighting organizations involved in consumer and investor protection
- Discuss the roles of specific organizations

What role do non-governmental organizations play in consumer and investor protection?

- MENTOR Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8
- Digital devices
- Resource person
- Reference materials
- Publications from consumer protection organizations
- Case studies on financial regulation
- Government publications on financial regulation
- MENTOR Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 18
- Charts showing forms of communication

- Observation - Oral presentations - Written assignments - Poster assessment

Communication

Business Communication - Channels of communication
Business Communication - Factors in selecting communication channels
Business Communication - Effective communication skills
Business Communication - Communication barriers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify various channels of communication in a work environment
- Explain the features of different communication channels
- Show interest in exploring different communication channels

- Use available resources to explore the channels of communication under each form
- Discuss the features of different communication channels such as face-to-face, telephone, email, memos, and social media
- Role-play using different communication channels
- Create presentations on communication channels

What channels of communication are commonly used in business?

- MENTOR Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 18
- Digital devices
- Reference materials
- Charts showing communication channels
- Case studies on communication channel selection
- Communication skills guides
- Case studies on communication barriers

- Observation - Oral presentations - Written assignments - Role-play performance

Communication

Business Communication - Ethical practices in communication
Business Communication - Importance of effective communication
Plain Scale Drawing - Features of a plain scale
Plain Scale Drawing - Constructing a plain scale

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Distinguish between ethical and unethical practices in business communication
- Explain the importance of ethical communication
- Show commitment to ethical communication practices

- Read and analyze a case study on ethical and unethical practices in communication
- Debate on ethical practices in communication
- Role-play scenarios involving ethical and unethical communication
- Create presentations on ethical communication practices

Why is ethical communication important in business?

- MENTOR Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 18
- Digital devices
- Reference materials
- Case studies on ethical communication
- Case studies on communication impact
- MENTOR Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 41
- Drawing instruments
- Drawing books
- Charts showing plain scales
- Plain papers
- Charts showing construction steps

- Observation - Oral presentations - Written assignments - Debate participation

Communication

Plain Scale Drawing - Interpreting a plain scale
Plain Scale Drawing - Drawing plane figures to scale

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Read measurements from a plain scale
- Convert measurements according to the scale
- Show confidence in interpreting plain scales

- Discuss how to read plain scales
- Practice reading measurements from different plain scales
- Convert actual measurements to scaled measurements and vice versa
- Solve problems involving plain scale interpretation

How do we interpret measurements from a plain scale?

- MENTOR Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 43
- Drawing instruments
- Drawing books
- Plain scales
- Measurement problems
- MENTOR Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 45
- Plain papers
- Rulers and calculators

- Observation - Problem-solving assessment - Oral questions - Written tests

Communication
Materials for Production

Plain Scale Drawing - Applications of scale drawing
Plain Scale Drawing - Use of plain scale drawing in work environment
Composite Materials - Composite materials in the locality

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify applications of scale drawing in different fields
- Draw objects to scale for specific purposes
- Appreciate the importance of scale drawing in real-life applications

- Practice drawing plane figures to a given plain scale
- Discuss applications of scale drawing in architecture, engineering, and cartography
- Create scale drawings of classroom objects or school buildings
- Share and evaluate scale drawings

How is scale drawing applied in different fields?

- MENTOR Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 48
- Drawing instruments
- Drawing books
- Plain papers
- Examples of scale drawings
- MENTOR Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 49
- Examples of professional scale drawings
- Digital devices
- Reference materials
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 63
- Visual aids and realia of composite materials

- Observation - Drawing assessment - Oral presentations - Peer evaluation

Materials for Production

Composite Materials - Composition of composite materials in the locality
Composite Materials - Constituent materials of composites
Composite Materials - Composition of manufactured boards and plastic-coated paper
Composite Materials - Relating composite materials to their use

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the composition of concrete as a composite material
- Identify the constituent materials in a composite
- Value the importance of knowing the composition of composite materials

- Identify composite materials shown in pictures
- Discuss the constituent materials of the composites
- Use digital or print resources to search for information on constituent materials of concrete
- Present findings in class

How are composite materials made?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 65
- Visual aids
- Digital devices
- Internet connectivity
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 66
- Realia (bricks, papier-mâché items)
- Samples of manufactured boards and plastic-coated paper
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 67
- Charts showing composite materials and their uses
- Realia of composite materials

- Observation - Peer assessment - Written assignment

Materials for Production

Composite Materials - Uses in work environment
Composite Materials - Importance of composite materials
Ceramic Materials - Common ceramic materials in the locality
Ceramic Materials - Identifying and collecting ceramic materials

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Relate composite materials to their uses in different work environments
- Explain the suitability of composite materials for specific uses
- Show interest in how composite materials are used in work environments

- Study pictures of people using composite materials in work environments
- Identify the work environments shown
- Discuss the uses of each composite material
- Share discussion points with other groups

Why are composite materials suitable for specific uses?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 67
- Pictures of composite materials in use
- Digital devices
- Video clips
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 69
- Charts on importance of composite materials
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 71
- Visual aids of ceramic items
- Realia of ceramic materials
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 73
- Samples of ceramic materials

- Written assignment - Group presentation - Question and answer

Materials for Production

Ceramic Materials - Physical properties of ceramic materials
Ceramic Materials - Investigating properties of ceramic materials

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of physical properties
- Describe the physical properties of ceramic materials
- Appreciate the unique properties of ceramic materials

- Brainstorm the meaning of physical properties
- Discuss the physical properties of ceramic materials
- Use print and digital media to search for information on physical properties of ceramic materials
- Share findings with the class

What are the physical properties of ceramic materials?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 74
- Digital devices
- Internet connectivity
- Visual aids showing properties of ceramic materials
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 75
- Ceramic items for testing
- Heat source
- Water
- Safety equipment

- Question and answer - Written test - Group presentation

Materials for Production

Ceramic Materials - Relating ceramic materials to their uses
Ceramic Materials - Uses of ceramic materials in work environments

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Match ceramic materials to their uses in work environments
- Explain the relationship between properties and uses of ceramic materials
- Appreciate the versatility of ceramic materials

- Match ceramic items with their uses in the work environment
- Present findings in class
- Discuss how properties of ceramic materials determine their uses

How does the property of a ceramic material determine its use?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 77
- Charts showing ceramic materials and their uses
- Samples of ceramic materials
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 78
- Digital devices
- Internet connectivity
- Charts and tables

- Matching exercises - Observation - Question and answer

Materials for Production
Tools and Production
Tools and Production

Ceramic Materials - Importance of ceramic materials
Cutting Tools - Identifying cutting tools
Cutting Tools - Collecting cutting tools

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the importance of ceramic materials in daily life
- Discuss the economic value of ceramic materials
- Appreciate the role of ceramic materials in improving quality of life

- Study pictures of people making and using ceramic materials
- Identify ceramic materials shown in the pictures
- Discuss the importance of ceramic materials in the locality
- Debate on the importance of ceramic materials in daily life

Why are ceramic materials important in our lives?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 79
- Pictures of ceramic materials in use
- Digital devices
- Internet connectivity
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 80
- Pictures of cutting tools
- Realia of cutting tools
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 81
- Various cutting tools
- Storage boxes

- Debate assessment - Question and answer - Written assignment

Tools and Production

Cutting Tools - Hacksaws and handsaws
Cutting Tools - Chisels, planes and snips

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the features and uses of hacksaws
- Explain the functions of handsaws
- Show interest in understanding different cutting tools

- Examine hacksaws and handsaws
- Discuss the uses of hacksaws and handsaws in work environments
- Compare the features of hacksaws and handsaws

What is the difference between hacksaws and handsaws?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 82
- Hacksaws
- Handsaws
- Pictures and charts
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 83
- Chisels
- Planes
- Snips

- Question and answer - Observation - Written assignment

Tools and Production

Cutting Tools - Scrappers, knives, strippers and cutters
Cutting Tools - Selecting cutting tools for given tasks

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify scrappers, knives, strippers and cutters
- Explain the uses of scrappers, knives, strippers and cutters
- Value the importance of appropriate tool selection

- Examine scrappers, knives, strippers and cutters
- Discuss the uses of these tools in work environments
- Compare different types of knives and cutters

When would you use a stripper instead of a cutter?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 84
- Scrappers
- Knives
- Strippers
- Cutters
- Pictures and charts
- Various cutting tools
- Charts on tool selection

- Question and answer - Observation - Written assignment

Tools and Production

Cutting Tools - Using a handsaw
Cutting Tools - Using a hacksaw

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate proper handling of a handsaw
- Cut timber using a handsaw
- Observe safety precautions when using a handsaw

- Observe a demonstration on how to use a handsaw
- Practice using a handsaw to cut a piece of timber
- Observe safety by wearing safety goggles
- Store the handsaw safely after use

How is a handsaw used safely?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 87
- Handsaw
- Timber
- Measuring tools
- Safety equipment
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 88
- Hacksaw
- Metal rods
- Plastic pipes
- Bench vice

- Practical assessment - Observation - Peer assessment

Tools and Production

Cutting Tools - Using a wood chisel
Cutting Tools - Using snips

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate proper handling of a wood chisel
- Cut grooves on timber using a wood chisel
- Show responsibility when handling sharp tools

- Observe a demonstration on how to use a wood chisel
- Practice using a wood chisel to cut grooves on timber
- Observe safety by cutting with the blade pointing away from oneself
- Store the chisel safely after use

How can a wood chisel be used safely?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 89
- Wood chisel
- Mallet
- Timber
- Clamp
- Safety equipment
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 90
- Snips
- Metal sheets
- Measuring tools

- Practical assessment - Observation - Question and answer

Tools and Production

Cutting Tools - Using wire cutters
Cutting Tools - Using a plane

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate proper handling of wire cutters
- Cut wires of different sizes using wire cutters
- Show responsibility when working with cutting tools

- Observe a demonstration on how to use wire cutters
- Practice using wire cutters to cut wires of different sizes
- Observe safety by holding wires properly
- Store the wire cutters safely after use

What safety precautions should be observed when using wire cutters?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 92
- Wire cutters
- Wires of different sizes
- Safety equipment
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 93
- Plane
- Timber

- Practical assessment - Observation - Self-assessment

Tools and Production

Cutting Tools - Using a scrapper and stripper
Cutting Tools - Using a knife

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate proper handling of a scrapper and stripper
- Use a scrapper to remove embedded dirt
- Strip insulation from wires using a stripper
- Show responsibility when using tools

- Observe demonstrations on how to use a scrapper and stripper
- Practice using a scrapper to remove embedded dirt
- Practice using a stripper to strip wire insulation
- Observe safety precautions
- Store the tools safely after use

When would you use a scrapper versus a stripper?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 93
- Scrapper
- Stripper
- Surfaces with embedded dirt
- Insulated wires
- Safety equipment
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 95
- Knife
- Cardboard
- Ruler
- Pencil

- Practical assessment - Observation - Question and answer

Tools and Production

Cutting Tools - Caring for cutting tools
Production Unit - Factors for locating a production unit
Production Unit - Assessing location factors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify ways of caring for cutting tools
- Explain the importance of tool maintenance
- Show responsibility in caring for tools

- Study pictures showing ways of caring for cutting tools
- Identify the cutting tools and discuss how they are being cared for
- Discuss other ways of caring for cutting tools

Why is it important to care for cutting tools?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 96
- Various cutting tools
- Cleaning materials
- Lubricants
- Storage facilities
- Pre-Technical Studies Curriculum Design
- Digital devices
- Pictures of production units
- Charts
- Observation checklist
- Local production units

- Question and answer - Observation - Written assignment

Tools and Production

Production Unit - Availability of raw materials and market
Production Unit - Infrastructure and labor

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how availability of raw materials affects location
- Discuss the importance of market proximity
- Value the relationship between location and business success

- Use print or digital media to search for information on how availability of raw materials and market proximity affect location of production units
- Discuss findings in groups
- Present findings in class

How does market proximity affect a production unit's location?

- Pre-Technical Studies Curriculum Design
- Digital devices
- Internet connectivity
- Charts and diagrams

- Question and answer - Written assignment - Group presentation

Tools and Production

Production Unit - Factors determining size
Production Unit - Locating a production unit

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify factors that determine the size of a production unit
- Explain how capital affects the size of a production unit
- Value informed decision-making in business planning

- Use print or digital media to search for information on factors that determine the size of a production unit
- Discuss how capital, market size, and technology affect the size of a production unit
- Share findings with peers

How is the size of a production unit determined?

- Pre-Technical Studies Curriculum Design
- Digital devices
- Internet connectivity
- Charts
- Maps

- Question and answer - Written test - Group presentation

Entrepreneurship

Bookkeeping - Importance of bookkeeping
Bookkeeping - Assets, liabilities and capital

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of bookkeeping
- Describe the importance of bookkeeping in entrepreneurship
- Value the role of record-keeping in business success

- Brainstorm on the meaning of bookkeeping
- Discuss the importance of bookkeeping for a business
- Present discussion points to the class

Why is bookkeeping important to a business?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 114
- Charts on importance of bookkeeping
- Digital devices
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 115
- Pictures of business assets
- Charts

- Question and answer - Group presentation - Written assignment

Entrepreneurship

Bookkeeping - Bookkeeping equation
Bookkeeping - Business transactions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the concept of bookkeeping equation
- Apply the bookkeeping equation in business scenarios
- Show interest in understanding financial relationships

- Discuss the bookkeeping equation (Assets = Capital + Liabilities)
- Calculate assets, liabilities and capital using the bookkeeping equation
- Solve practice exercises using the equation

How does the bookkeeping equation help in financial management?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 119
- Calculators
- Charts showing bookkeeping equation
- Practice exercises
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 122
- Case studies
- Digital devices
- Charts

- Calculation exercises - Question and answer - Written test

Entrepreneurship

Bookkeeping - Cost and price of a product
Bookkeeping - Statement of financial position

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Differentiate between cost and price
- Calculate profit and loss from business transactions
- Appreciate the importance of pricing in business

- Study pictures showing buying and selling activities
- Discuss the difference between cost and price
- Calculate profit or loss from various transactions
- Present findings in a table

How is profit or loss determined in a business?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 126
- Calculators
- Charts on profit calculation
- Examples of business transactions
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 128
- Sample financial statements
- Digital devices
- Charts

- Calculation exercises - Question and answer - Written assignment

Entrepreneurship

Bookkeeping - Preparing a statement of financial position
Bookkeeping - Cash flow statement
Bookkeeping - Preparing a cash flow statement

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Organize financial data into appropriate categories
- Prepare a simple statement of financial position
- Value accuracy in financial reporting

- Study a sample statement of financial position
- Practice preparing statements of financial position from given information
- Present work for review and discussion

How is a statement of financial position prepared?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 129
- Sample financial statements
- Calculators
- Practice exercises
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 130
- Sample cash flow statements
- Digital devices
- Charts
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 131

- Practical assessment - Question and answer - Written assignment

Entrepreneurship

Bookkeeping - Income statement
Bookkeeping - Preparing an income statement

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of an income statement
- Identify components of an income statement
- Show interest in tracking business performance

- Discuss components of an income statement
- Study a sample income statement
- Identify revenue, expenses, and profit in the statement

How does an income statement show business performance?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 133
- Sample income statements
- Digital devices
- Charts
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 134
- Calculators
- Practice exercises

- Question and answer - Observation - Written test

Entrepreneurship

Bookkeeping - Importance of financial records
Income and Budgeting - Sources of income

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the importance of financial records in decision-making
- Analyze how bookkeeping helps in financial management
- Appreciate the role of record-keeping in business success

- Read a story about a business owner who keeps records
- Discuss the role of bookkeeping in the business
- Explain how bookkeeping helped in making financial decisions

How do financial records help in making business decisions?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 135
- Case studies
- Digital devices
- Charts
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 137
- Charts showing sources of income
- Pictures showing income-generating activities

- Question and answer - Case study analysis - Written assignment

Entrepreneurship

Income and Budgeting - Types of income sources
Income and Budgeting - Importance of budgeting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Categorize different sources of income
- Explain various income types like salary, business, investment
- Show interest in understanding income sources

- Study a chart showing various sources of income
- Discuss the meaning of various income sources
- Categorize income sources as active or passive
- Present findings to classmates

How can income sources be categorized?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 138
- Charts on income sources
- Digital devices
- Pictures
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 139
- Charts on importance of budgeting
- Case studies

- Question and answer - Group presentation - Written test

Entrepreneurship

Income and Budgeting - Ways of spending money wisely
Income and Budgeting - Preparing a simple budget

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify ways of spending money wisely
- Explain the concept of needs versus wants
- Show responsibility in personal financial management

- Study a poster with tips on spending money wisely
- Discuss what they have learned from the tips
- Identify other ways of spending money wisely
- Create quotes on spending money wisely

How can we spend money wisely?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 142
- Posters on wise spending
- Digital devices
- Charts
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 143
- Sample budget templates
- Calculators

- Question and answer - Creative writing assessment - Observation

Entrepreneurship

Income and Budgeting - Income allocation in budgeting
Income and Budgeting - Budget tracking and adjustment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Analyze different categories of expenses in a budget
- Allocate income to different expense categories
- Show responsibility in financial allocation

- Study different categories of expenses (needs, wants, savings)
- Discuss appropriate percentage allocation for each category
- Practice allocating a given amount to different budget categories
- Share and justify allocation decisions

How should income be allocated in a budget?

- Pre-Technical Studies Curriculum Design
- Budget allocation charts
- Calculators
- Sample budgets
- Budget tracking templates
- Case studies
- Digital devices

- Practical assessment - Question and answer - Group presentation

Entrepreneurship

Income and Budgeting - Ethical practices in budgeting
Income and Budgeting - Unethical practices in budgeting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define ethics and ethical practices
- Identify ethical practices in budgeting
- Value honesty and transparency in financial matters

- Discuss the meaning of ethics and ethical practices
- Read a case study about a community group making a budget
- Identify ethical practices that should be followed when budgeting

What are the ethical issues in income and budgeting?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 144
- Case studies
- Digital devices
- Charts
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 145
- Internet connectivity

- Question and answer - Case study analysis - Written assignment

Entrepreneurship

Income and Budgeting - Financial planning
Income and Budgeting - Setting financial goals
Marketing Goods and Services - Importance of marketing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the concept of financial planning
- Discuss the importance of financial planning in income management
- Value long-term financial thinking

- Read a story about financial planning
- Discuss how financial planning helped the character
- Identify the importance of financial planning
- Share examples of financial planning from their experiences

How does financial planning help in income management?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 146
- Case studies
- Digital devices
- Charts
- Pre-Technical Studies Curriculum Design
- Goal-setting templates
- Charts on SMART goals
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 147
- Pictures showing marketing activities

- Question and answer - Case study analysis - Written assignment

Entrepreneurship

Marketing Goods and Services - Elements of marketing
Marketing Goods and Services - Sources of market information

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify the key elements of marketing (advertising, selling, delivery)
- Explain how each element contributes to successful marketing
- Show interest in understanding marketing processes

- Discuss the three main elements of marketing: advertising, selling, and delivery
- Study examples of each element in real businesses
- Create a diagram showing how these elements work together
- Present diagrams to classmates

What are the key elements of effective marketing?

- Pre-Technical Studies Curriculum Design
- Marketing diagrams
- Pictures of marketing activities
- Digital devices
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 150
- Newspaper articles
- Internet connectivity

- Diagram assessment - Group presentation - Question and answer

Entrepreneurship

Marketing Goods and Services - Consumer behavior
Marketing Goods and Services - Factors for market selection

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain what influences consumer buying decisions
- Identify factors that affect consumer preferences
- Value the importance of understanding customers

- Discuss factors that influence buying decisions (price, quality, trends)
- Analyze personal buying decisions and what influenced them
- Conduct simple surveys about consumer preferences
- Share findings with classmates

What factors influence consumer buying decisions?

- Pre-Technical Studies Curriculum Design
- Survey templates
- Digital devices
- Charts on consumer behavior
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 152
- Case studies
- Charts

- Survey project assessment - Group presentation - Question and answer

Entrepreneurship

Marketing Goods and Services - Tools for marketing
Marketing Goods and Services - Suitable markets

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify ICT tools used for marketing goods and services
- Explain how these tools are used in marketing
- Show interest in modern marketing methods

- Use digital devices to search for information on ICT applications used for marketing
- Discuss how social media platforms are used for marketing
- Prepare a chart showing different marketing tools and their uses

How do businesses use technology to market their products?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 153
- Digital devices
- Internet connectivity
- Charts on marketing tools
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 154
- Charts
- Pictures of different products

- Question and answer - Group presentation - Written assignment

Entrepreneurship

Marketing Goods and Services - Ethics in marketing
Saving and Investment - Reasons for saving

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify ethical practices in marketing
- Explain the importance of ethics in marketing
- Show commitment to ethical business practices

- Discuss ethical practices in marketing goods and services
- Analyze scenarios showing ethical and unethical marketing practices
- Prepare a presentation on marketing ethics

What ethical considerations should guide marketing activities?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 155
- Case studies
- Digital devices
- Charts
- Pre-Technical Studies Curriculum Design
- Charts on saving and investment

- Question and answer - Case study analysis - Group presentation

Entrepreneurship

Saving and Investment - Methods of saving
Saving and Investment - Methods of investment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify different methods of saving
- Explain the advantages of different saving methods
- Show interest in developing saving habits

- Brainstorm and present on methods of saving and investment
- Discuss advantages and disadvantages of different saving methods
- Make money boxes for personal savings using locally available materials

What are the different ways to save money?

- Pre-Technical Studies Curriculum Design
- Materials for making money boxes
- Digital devices
- Charts
- Internet connectivity
- Charts on investment options

- Practical assessment - Question and answer - Observation

Entrepreneurship

Saving and Investment - Preparing a saving plan
Saving and Investment - Preparing an investment plan
Saving and Investment - Ethical practices
Saving and Investment - Unethical practices

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify components of a saving plan
- Prepare a simple saving plan
- Show commitment to financial discipline

- Study sample saving plans
- Identify key components of a saving plan
- Prepare a simple saving plan
- Present saving plans to classmates for feedback

How do you create an effective saving plan?

- Pre-Technical Studies Curriculum Design
- Sample saving plans
- Calculators
- Charts
- Sample investment plans
- Case studies
- Digital devices

- Practical assessment - Peer assessment - Written assignment