Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in plants - Parts of a leaf
Nutrition in plants - Internal structure of a leaf

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify the external parts of a leaf
- Observe and draw the external structure of a leaf
- Show interest in studying parts of a leaf

- Pluck a variety of leaves from different plants and take them to the laboratory
- Study the leaves and describe their lamina based on size, surface area, leaf veins and thickness
- Draw a large well-labelled diagram of one of the leaves

What are the parts of a leaf?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 64)
- Hand lens
- Variety of fresh leaves
- Labelled charts of a leaf
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 65)
- Prepared slides of leaf sections
- Light microscope
- Charts of leaf TS

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in plants - Functions of leaf parts
Nutrition in plants - Adaptations of the leaf to photosynthesis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the functions of different parts of a leaf
- Explain the role of each part in photosynthesis
- Appreciate the structure-function relationship in leaves

- Discuss the functions of different parts of a leaf and their roles in photosynthesis
- Use charts and digital media to reinforce understanding of leaf functions
- Share findings with peers

How are the different parts of a leaf adapted to their functions?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 66)
- Digital resources
- Charts showing leaf structures
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 67)
- Wall charts on leaf adaptations

- Oral questions - Written assessment - Group presentations

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in plants - Structure and function of chloroplast
Nutrition in plants - Process of photosynthesis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the structure of chloroplast
- Explain the functions of parts of the chloroplast
- Show interest in the chloroplast as site of photosynthesis

- Search for information on the structure of chloroplast using digital resources
- Draw and label a chloroplast showing its internal structure
- Discuss functions of chloroplast components

Why is the chloroplast important in photosynthesis?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 68)
- Digital resources
- Charts of chloroplast structure
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 69)
- Charts on photosynthesis

- Diagrams - Written assessment - Oral questions

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in plants - Light and dark reactions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis
- Describe the dark stage (carbon fixation) of photosynthesis
- Show interest in the stages of photosynthesis

- Discuss the reactions in light-dependent stage of photosynthesis
- Discuss the carbon fixation process in the dark stage
- Use charts and animations to enhance understanding

How do the light and dark stages differ in photosynthesis?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 70)
- Digital resources
- Charts on photosynthesis stages

- Written questions - Oral assessment - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in plants - Products of photosynthesis
Nutrition in plants - Gas produced during photosynthesis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify products of photosynthesis
- Explain how products are formed and stored
- Appreciate the value of photosynthetic products

- Discuss the products of photosynthesis using reference materials
- Explain how each organic food substance is produced and stored
- Make notes on findings

What are the products of photosynthesis and how are they important?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 71)
- Charts on photosynthesis
- Reference books
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 72)
- Water plants (Elodea)
- Test tubes, beakers
- Sodium hydrogen carbonate

- Written test - Oral assessment - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in plants - Testing for starch in a leaf
Nutrition in plants - Conditions necessary for photosynthesis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the test for starch in a leaf
- Perform the starch test on a leaf
- Show interest in experimental procedures

- Take a green leaf exposed to light for 5 hours
- Follow the procedure for testing starch in a leaf
- Observe and record results

How can we test for the presence of starch in a leaf?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 73)
- Fresh leaves
- Iodine solution
- Methylated spirit, hot water
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 74)
- Digital resources
- Reference books

- Practical skills - Written reports - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in plants - Investigating light in photosynthesis
Nutrition in plants - Investigating carbon(IV) oxide in photosynthesis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate the necessity of light in photosynthesis
- Explain why light is essential for photosynthesis
- Show experimental skills in investigating photosynthesis

- Cover one leaf of a potted plant with light-proof material
- Place plant in dark for 48 hours then in light for 2-3 hours
- Test covered and uncovered leaves for starch

Why is light necessary for photosynthesis?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 75)
- Potted plant
- Light-proof material
- Iodine solution
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 76)
- Conical flask, cork
- Sodium hydroxide pellets

- Practical skills - Written reports - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in plants - Investigating chlorophyll in photosynthesis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate the necessity of chlorophyll in photosynthesis
- Explain the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis
- Show interest in experimental approach

- Use a plant with variegated leaves
- Expose to light after destarching
- Test the leaf for starch
- Observe distribution of starch in green and non-green parts

Why is chlorophyll necessary for photosynthesis?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 77)
- Plant with variegated leaves
- Iodine solution
- Methylated spirit

- Practical skills - Written reports - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in plants - Investigating water in photosynthesis
Nutrition in plants - Importance of photosynthesis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Discuss the necessity of water in photosynthesis
- Explain how water shortage affects plant growth
- Design a project to compare plants under different water conditions

- Study photographs of plants exposed to different moisture conditions
- Discuss characteristics of each group of plants
- Design a simple investigation on water requirements

How does water availability affect photosynthesis?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 78)
- Photographs of plants under different water conditions
- Digital resources
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 79)
- Reference books

- Project design - Written assessment - Oral questions

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in animals - Modes of nutrition
Nutrition in animals - Dentition in animals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Discuss different modes of nutrition in animals
- Differentiate between heterotrophic modes of nutrition
- Show interest in animal nutrition

- Search for information on modes of nutrition
- Discuss parasitic, saprophytic, symbiotic and holozoic nutrition
- Share findings with the class

How do animals obtain their food?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 80)
- Digital resources
- Charts on animal nutrition
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 81)
- Models of animal teeth
- Charts of teeth

- Written test - Oral questions - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in animals - Types and structure of teeth
Nutrition in animals - Functions of different teeth

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify different types of teeth
- Describe the structure of teeth
- Appreciate the relationship between structure and function in teeth

- Examine models or specimens of different teeth types
- Draw and label external and internal structure of teeth
- Discuss functions of different teeth parts

How are teeth adapted to their functions?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 82)
- Models of teeth
- Digital resources
- Charts of teeth
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 83)
- Charts

- Drawings - Written assessment - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in animals - Classification based on dentition
Nutrition in animals - Herbivores, carnivores, omnivores

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Classify animals based on their dentition
- Determine dental formula of different animals
- Show interest in dentition patterns

- Study specimens or models of jaws of different animals
- Count teeth in upper and lower jaws
- Determine dental formula of different animals

How are animals classified based on their dentition?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 84)
- Specimens or models of animal jaws
- Digital resources
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 85)
- Models or specimens of animal jaws
- Charts

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Practical skills

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in animals - Digestive system in humans

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify parts of the human digestive system
- Draw and label the digestive system
- Appreciate the organization of the digestive system

- Study charts on human digestive system
- Identify parts of the digestive system
- Draw and label the system

What are the main parts of the human digestive system?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 86)
- Charts of digestive system
- Models
- Digital resources

- Drawings - Written assessment - Oral questions

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in animals - Process of digestion
Nutrition in animals - Absorption and assimilation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the process of digestion along the alimentary canal
- Describe the role of digestive juices and enzymes
- Show interest in the digestive process

- Search for information on digestion in the alimentary canal
- Discuss digestion in the mouth, stomach, duodenum and ileum
- Watch animations on the digestive process

How does the process of digestion occur?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 87)
- Digital resources
- Charts of digestive process
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 88)
- Charts of villi structure

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Functions of parts of a flower
Reproduction in plants - Pollination

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify parts of a flower
- Describe functions of flower parts
- Show interest in flower structure

- Collect and examine suitable flowers
- Identify calyx, corolla, pistil, stamen
- Discuss functions of each part

What are the different parts of a flower and their functions?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 86)
- Fresh flowers
- Hand lens
- Charts of flower structure
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 87)
- Digital resources
- Charts on pollination

- Practical skills - Drawings - Written assessment

Living Things and Their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Adaptations to insect pollination
Reproduction in plants - Adaptations to wind pollination

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify features of insect-pollinated flowers
- Explain adaptations of flowers to insect pollination
- Show interest in flower adaptations

- Examine an insect-pollinated flower
- Record color, scent, size of flower
- Discuss adaptations to insect pollination

How are flowers adapted to insect pollination?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 88)
- Insect-pollinated flowers
- Hand lens
- Charts
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 94)
- Wind-pollinated flowers (grass/maize)

- Practical skills - Written assessment - Oral questions

Living Things and Their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Field observation of pollination

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Observe pollinating agents in action
- Identify different types of pollinating agents
- Show interest in natural pollination processes

- Survey different areas to identify flower types
- Observe organisms visiting flowers
- Record observations on pollinating agents

What organisms act as pollinating agents?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 95)
- Flowers in school compound
- Hand lens
- Camera/smartphone

- Field observation skills - Written reports - Practical assessment

Living Things and Their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Fertilization in flowering plants
Reproduction in plants - Double fertilization

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe structures containing male and female gametes
- Explain the process of fertilization in flowering plants
- Appreciate sexual reproduction in plants

- Search for information on fertilization in plants
- Study diagrams of pollen grains and embryo sacs
- Discuss pollen tube growth and fertilization

How does fertilization occur in flowering plants?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 96)
- Digital resources
- Charts on plant fertilization
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 97)
- Charts on double fertilization

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Drawings

Living Things and Their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Fruit formation
Reproduction in plants - Types of fruits

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the process of fruit formation
- Explain development of ovary into fruit
- Show interest in post-fertilization changes

- Search for information on fruit formation
- Discuss events in fruit development
- Draw labeled diagrams of fruits

How does a fruit develop after fertilization?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 98)
- Digital resources
- Various fruits
- Charts
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 99)
- Knife/scalpel
- Specimen dishes

- Drawings - Written assessment - Oral questions

Living Things and Their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Fruit and seed dispersal
Reproduction in plants - Animals as dispersal agents

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the importance of fruit and seed dispersal
- Describe different methods of dispersal
- Appreciate adaptations for dispersal

- Collect fruits and seeds from different plants
- Observe external features
- Group fruits according to dispersal methods

How are fruits and seeds dispersed?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 102)
- Various fruits and seeds
- Hand lens
- Specimen dishes
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 106)
- Fruits with hooks (black jack)
- Succulent fruits

- Practical skills - Written assessment - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Water as a dispersal agent

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify fruits dispersed by water
- Explain adaptations for water dispersal
- Appreciate plant-environment interactions

- Observe fruits adapted for water dispersal
- Identify buoyancy adaptations
- Discuss features of water-dispersed fruits

How are fruits adapted for dispersal by water?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 107)
- Coconut fruit if available
- Pictures of water-dispersed fruits
- Digital resources

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Wind as a dispersal agent
Reproduction in plants - Self-dispersal mechanism

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify fruits dispersed by wind
- Explain adaptations for wind dispersal
- Show interest in dispersal mechanisms

- Observe fruits adapted for wind dispersal
- Identify wings, hair, feathery structures
- Discuss censor mechanism and other adaptations

How are fruits adapted for dispersal by wind?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 108)
- Wind-dispersed fruits/seeds
- Hand lens
- Digital resources
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 109)
- Pods of legumes
- Castor oil fruits if available

- Practical skills - Written assessment - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Importance of dispersal
Reproduction in plants - Effect of agrochemicals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the importance of fruit and seed dispersal
- Describe benefits of dispersal for plant survival
- Appreciate ecological significance of dispersal

- Search for information on importance of dispersal
- Discuss colonization of new areas
- Discuss reduced competition through dispersal

Why is fruit and seed dispersal important?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 110)
- Digital resources
- Reference books
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 111)
- Charts on agrochemicals

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Group discussions

Living Things and Their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Role of flowers in nature
The interdependence of life - Components of the environment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the role of flowers in nature
- Describe ecological and economic importance of flowers
- Appreciate the significance of flowers

- Search for information on roles of flowers
- Discuss ecological functions of flowers
- Discuss social and economic value of flowers

What is the role of flowers in nature?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 111)
- Digital resources
- Reference books
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 115)
- Charts of ecosystems

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Group presentations

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - Competition

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define intraspecific and interspecific competition
- Explain effects of competition on organisms
- Show interest in competitive interactions

- Search for information on competition in ecosystems
- Discuss effects on number and distribution of organisms
- Analyze examples of competition

How does competition affect organisms in an ecosystem?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 116)
- Digital resources
- Reference books

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Group discussions

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - Predation
The interdependence of life - Parasitism

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define predation, predator and prey
- Explain adaptations of predators and prey
- Show interest in predator-prey relationships

- Search for information on predation
- Discuss adaptations of predators and prey
- Analyze predator-prey population dynamics

How does predation affect population dynamics?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 117)
- Digital resources
- Videos on predation
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 119)
- Charts on parasitism

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Group discussions

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - Symbiosis
The interdependence of life - Saprophytism

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define symbiosis
- Describe examples of symbiotic relationships
- Appreciate mutual benefits in symbiosis

- Search for information on symbiotic relationships
- Discuss root nodules, lichens, and ox-pecker relationships
- Analyze benefits to each partner

How do organisms benefit from symbiotic relationships?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 120)
- Digital resources
- Charts on symbiosis
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 121)
- Photographs of fungi

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Group discussions

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - Temperature effects
The interdependence of life - Light effects

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Measure environmental temperature
- Explain effects of temperature on organisms
- Show interest in abiotic factors

- Suspend thermometer to measure air temperature
- Measure soil and water temperature
- Discuss effects of temperature on organisms

How does temperature affect living organisms?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 122)
- Thermometers
- Water in basin
- Digital resources
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 123)
- Light meter if available
- Secchi disc

- Practical skills - Written assessment - Oral questions

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - Atmospheric pressure
The interdependence of life - Humidity effects

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define atmospheric pressure
- Explain effects of atmospheric pressure on organisms
- Show interest in pressure as an ecological factor

- Discuss meaning of atmospheric pressure
- Explain how pressure changes with altitude
- Analyze effects on organisms

How does atmospheric pressure affect organisms?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 124)
- Digital resources
- Barometer if available
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 125)
- Cobalt(II) chloride paper
- Forceps
- Stopwatch

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Group discussions

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - Wind effects

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define wind and explain how it is measured
- Describe effects of wind on organisms
- Show interest in wind as an ecological factor

- Discuss meaning of wind and wind parameters
- Explain effects of wind on plants and animals
- Construct simple wind measuring instruments

How does wind affect living organisms?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 126)
- Digital resources
- Materials for windsock/wind vane

- Practical skills - Written assessment - Group work

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - pH and salinity
The interdependence of life - Energy flow

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define pH and salinity
- Measure pH of soil and water samples
- Explain effects of pH and salinity on organisms

- Test pH of water samples
- Test pH of soil samples
- Discuss effects on organisms

How do pH and salinity affect living organisms?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 127)
- Universal indicator paper
- Soil and water samples
- Test tubes
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 128)
- Digital resources
- Charts on energy flow

- Practical skills - Written assessment - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - Food chains
The interdependence of life - Food webs

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define food chain
- Construct simple food chains
- Show interest in feeding relationships

- Observe feeding habits of organisms
- Record what each organism feeds on
- Construct food chains based on observations

What is a food chain?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 129)
- Digital resources
- Charts on food chains
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 130)
- Charts on food webs

- Written assessment - Food chain construction - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - National Parks ecosystem
The interdependence of life - Decomposers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify organisms in Kenyan National Parks
- Describe interrelationships in National Parks
- Appreciate biodiversity conservation

- Select a National Park for study
- Research organisms found in the park
- Construct food webs based on park organisms

What interrelationships exist in Kenyan National Parks?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 131)
- Digital resources
- Reference books on National Parks
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 132)
- School compost site
- Hand lens

- Project work - Written assessment - Group presentations

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - Human activities

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe effects of human activities on ecosystems
- Explain habitat change, conservation, and species introduction
- Show concern for environmental conservation

- Search for information on human impacts
- Discuss habitat change, poaching, and introduced species
- Analyze conservation methods

How do human activities affect the environment?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 133)
- Digital resources
- Reference books

- Written assessment - Group presentations - Debates

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Types of curved mirrors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify different types of curved mirrors
- Describe curved mirror surfaces
- Show interest in curved mirrors

- Observe different reflector surfaces
- Discuss the description of concave, convex and parabolic reflectors
- Compare the surfaces of different curved mirrors

How are curved mirrors used in day-to-day life?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 147
- Car driving mirrors
- Car headlight reflectors
- Laboratory curved mirrors
- Digital content on curved mirrors
- Digital resources
- Drawing materials

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Images formed by concave and convex mirrors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define terms used in curved mirrors
- Identify parts of curved mirrors
- Show interest in terminology used in optics

- Study diagrams illustrating parts of curved mirrors
- Search the Internet and relevant print materials for meanings of optical terms
- Discuss terms used in curved mirrors

What are the key terms used in describing curved mirrors?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 148
- Internet resources
- Digital devices
- Geometrical sets
- Curved mirrors
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 149
- Diagrams of curved mirrors
- Drawing materials

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Images formed by concave and convex mirrors
Curved mirrors - Focal length

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the principal axis of curved mirrors
- Explain the principal focus and focal plane
- Show interest in optical features

- Draw the principal axis for concave and convex mirrors
- Locate the principal focus on mirror diagrams
- Discuss the focal plane and its significance

How does the principal focus relate to image formation?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 150
- Diagrams of curved mirrors
- Geometrical sets
- Drawing materials
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 152
- Concave mirrors
- Meter rule
- White screen
- Mirror holder

- Observation - Drawing assessment - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Position of image formed by concave mirrors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Locate images formed by concave mirrors experimentally
- Describe image characteristics for different object positions
- Show interest in image formation

- Set up apparatus to locate images formed by concave mirrors
- Place objects at different positions relative to the mirror
- Record image characteristics for each position

How do image characteristics change with object position?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 153
- Concave mirrors
- Mirror holders
- Meter rules
- Screens
- Candles

- Observation - Practical skills assessment - Written reports

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Position of image formed by convex mirrors
Curved mirrors - Rays commonly used for ray diagram construction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Locate images formed by convex mirrors
- Describe image characteristics for convex mirrors
- Compare images formed by concave and convex mirrors

- Observe images formed by convex mirrors
- Record image characteristics
- Compare with images formed by concave mirrors

How do images formed by convex mirrors differ from those formed by concave mirrors?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 154
- Convex mirrors
- Mirror holders
- Objects
- Meter rules
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 155
- Internet resources
- Digital devices
- Manila paper
- Drawing materials

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Rays commonly used for ray diagram construction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how rays parallel to the principal axis are reflected
- Describe the reflection of rays passing through focal points
- Show interest in ray behavior

- Draw ray diagrams showing reflection patterns
- Discuss how different rays behave after reflection
- Create summary charts of ray behavior

How does understanding ray behavior help in locating images?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 156
- Drawing materials
- Manila paper
- Ruler and protractor
- Reference materials
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 157

- Observation - Drawing assessment - Oral questions

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Rays commonly used for ray diagram construction
Curved mirrors - Uses of concave mirrors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Construct ray diagrams for convex mirrors
- Locate images using ray diagrams
- Compare ray diagrams for concave and convex mirrors

- Draw ray diagrams for convex mirrors
- Use ray diagrams to locate images
- Compare with concave mirror ray diagrams

How do ray diagrams for convex mirrors differ from those for concave mirrors?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 159
- Manila paper
- Drawing materials
- Ruler and protractor
- Reference materials
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 161
- Digital devices
- Internet connectivity
- Charts of ray diagrams

- Observation - Drawing assessment - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Uses of concave mirrors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the use of concave mirrors in reflectors
- Explain the principle behind solar heating
- Show interest in energy applications

- Discuss the use of concave mirrors in headlights and torches
- Explain how concave mirrors concentrate solar energy
- Research applications in solar cooking and heating

How are concave mirrors used in energy applications?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 161
- Digital resources
- Internet connectivity
- Torch with reflector

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Uses of concave mirrors
Curved mirrors - Uses of convex mirrors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the use of concave mirrors in astronomy
- Describe applications in dental examination
- Show interest in specialized applications

- Discuss the principle of reflection telescopes
- Explain how dental mirrors provide magnified images
- Research other specialized applications

How do concave mirrors contribute to professional fields?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 162
- Digital resources
- Internet connectivity
- Reference materials
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 163

- Observation - Oral presentations - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Uses of convex mirrors
Curved mirrors - Review and assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the use of convex mirrors as driving mirrors
- Describe applications of parabolic reflectors
- Show interest in real-world applications

- Discuss why convex mirrors are used as side mirrors
- Explain advantages of wider field of view
- Research applications of parabolic reflectors

How do curved mirrors enhance transportation safety?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 164
- Digital resources
- Internet connectivity
- Reference materials
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 166
- Previous notes
- Assessment questions

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Waves - Generation of waves
Waves - Classification of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define waves in scientific terms
- Describe how waves are generated
- Show interest in wave phenomena

- Observe waves created in water
- Generate sound waves using a drum/speaker
- Discuss energy transfer through waves

What are waves and how are they generated?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 170
- Water in a basin
- Drum
- Speaker connected to radio
- Small stones
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 172
- Slinky spring
- Rope
- Smooth surface
- Rigid support

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Waves - Classification of waves
Waves - Characteristics of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Generate transverse waves
- Describe characteristics of transverse waves
- Compare longitudinal and transverse waves

- Use a slinky spring to generate transverse waves
- Observe particle displacement direction
- Create comparison charts

How do transverse waves differ from longitudinal waves?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 173
- Slinky spring
- Rope
- Smooth surface
- Rigid support
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 175
- Meter rule
- Chalk
- Drawing materials

- Observation - Practical skills assessment - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Waves - Characteristics of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define wavelength
- Identify crests and troughs
- Explain wave phase

- Generate waves and identify crests and troughs
- Measure wavelength
- Identify points in phase

How is wavelength measured and what is its significance?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 177
- Slinky spring
- Meter rule
- Chalk
- Drawing materials

- Observation - Measurement skills assessment - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Waves - Frequency and periodic time

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define frequency and periodic time
- Measure periodic time
- Calculate frequency from periodic time

- Demonstrate frequency and periodic time
- Measure time for complete oscillations
- Calculate frequency from measurements

What is the relationship between frequency and periodic time?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 180
- Slinky spring
- Meter rule
- Stopwatch
- Chalk
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 181
- Calculators
- Graph paper
- Reference materials
- Problem sets

- Observation - Calculation skills assessment - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Waves - Speed of a wave

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define wave speed
- Derive the wave equation
- Apply the wave equation to solve problems

- Derive the relationship between wavelength, frequency and wave speed
- Practice using the wave equation
- Solve sample problems

How are wavelength, frequency, and wave speed related?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 183
- Calculators
- Reference materials
- Problem sets
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 184
- Chart paper

- Observation - Problem-solving assessment - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Waves - Properties of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate reflection of waves
- Explain how waves are reflected
- Show interest in wave properties

- Set up a ripple tank to demonstrate wave reflection
- Observe reflection patterns from different surfaces
- Compare with reflection of light

How do waves behave when they encounter boundaries?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 186
- Ripple tank
- Straight edge
- Metal reflectors
- Water
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 187
- Glass block
- Wave generator

- Observation - Practical skills assessment - Written reports

Force and Energy

Waves - Properties of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate diffraction of waves
- Explain the factors affecting diffraction
- Show interest in wave behavior

- Set up a ripple tank with barriers having gaps
- Observe spreading of waves through gaps
- Investigate the effect of gap size

How do waves spread around obstacles or through openings?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 188
- Ripple tank
- Metal barriers
- Water
- Wave generator

- Observation - Practical skills assessment - Written reports

Force and Energy

Waves - Remote sensing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define remote sensing
- Explain the principles of remote sensing
- Show interest in remote sensing applications

- Study photographs of environments
- Discuss the source of energy in photography
- Research remote sensing processes

What is remote sensing and how does it work?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 189
- Digital resources
- Photographs
- Internet connectivity
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 190
- Drawing materials

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Waves - Applications of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify applications of waves in medicine
- Explain how waves are used in medical imaging
- Show interest in medical applications

- Research applications of waves in medicine
- Discuss ultrasound, X-rays, and MRI scans
- Create presentations on medical applications

How are waves applied in medical imaging?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 191
- Digital resources
- Internet connectivity
- Presentation materials
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 192
- Poster materials

- Observation - Presentations - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Waves - Applications of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe communication applications of waves
- Explain principles of wireless communication
- Show interest in telecommunications

- Research applications in radio, television, and mobile phones
- Discuss radar and satellite communications
- Create charts showing different communication systems

How have waves transformed communication systems?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 193
- Digital resources
- Internet connectivity
- Chart materials
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 194
- Table templates

- Observation - Chart assessment - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Waves - Review and assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Summarize key concepts about waves
- Apply knowledge to solve wave problems
- Show confidence in understanding waves

- Review main wave concepts
- Answer revision questions
- Discuss solutions to problems

How does understanding waves help us explain natural phenomena?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 195
- Previous notes
- Assessment questions
- Reference materials

- Written test - Observation - Oral questions