Living Things and their Environment

Nutrition in plants - External structure of the leaf
Nutrition in plants - Functions of leaf parts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify the external parts of a leaf
- Draw and label external parts of a leaf

- Observe pictures showing external structure of a leaf
- Identify external parts of the leaf from the pictures
- Discuss the functions of each external part of the leaf

What is the importance of photosynthesis in nature?

- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 49)
- Charts showing external structure of leaf

- Observation - Oral questions - Drawings
- Observation - Practical work - Drawings

Living Things and their Environment

Nutrition in plants - Internal structure of the leaf
Nutrition in plants - Leaf tissues for photosynthesis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify the internal parts of a leaf
- Describe the arrangement of tissues in a leaf

- Observe a diagram showing internal structure of a leaf
- Identify the internal parts of the leaf
- Discuss the functions of each internal part of the leaf

What is the importance of photosynthesis in nature?

 Integrated Science (pg. 52)
- Charts showing internal structure of leaf

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Living Things and their Environment

Nutrition in plants - Internal adaptations for photosynthesis
Nutrition in plants - Structure of chloroplast

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe how internal leaf structures are adapted for photosynthesis
- Relate specific adaptations to photosynthetic functions

- Discuss how internal leaf structures are adapted for photosynthesis
- Search for information about internal leaf adaptations
- Make summary notes on internal leaf adaptations

What is the importance of photosynthesis in nature?

 Integrated Science (pg. 54)
- Digital resources
- Charts showing internal leaf adaptations

- Observation - Written assignments - Oral presentations

Living Things and their Environment

Nutrition in plants - Chloroplast adaptations
Nutrition in plants - Process of photosynthesis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how chloroplasts are adapted for photosynthesis
- Identify chloroplast structures from photomicrographs

- Study a photomicrograph of a chloroplast
- Identify parts of the chloroplast from the photomicrograph
- Discuss how chloroplasts are adapted for photosynthesis

What is the importance of photosynthesis in nature?

 Integrated Science (pg. 56)
- Photomicrographs of chloroplasts

- Observation - Written assignments - Oral presentations

Living Things and their Environment

Nutrition in plants - Conditions for photosynthesis
Nutrition in plants - Stages of photosynthesis
Nutrition in plants - Testing for starch
Nutrition in plants - Light and photosynthesis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify conditions necessary for photosynthesis
- Explain the role of each condition in photosynthesis
- Appreciate the complexity of photosynthesis

- Demonstrate the procedure for testing for starch in a leaf

- Search for information on conditions necessary for photosynthesis
- Discuss the role of each condition in photosynthesis
- Make summary notes on conditions for photosynthesis

What is the importance of photosynthesis in nature?

 Integrated Science (pg. 58)
- Charts showing conditions for photosynthesis

- Observation - Written assignments - Oral presentations
- Observation - Practical work - Written reports

Living Things and their Environment

Nutrition in plants - Carbon (IV) oxide and photosynthesis
Nutrition in plants - Chlorophyll and photosynthesis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate whether carbon (IV) oxide is necessary for photosynthesis
- Control variables in an experiment

- Design an experiment to investigate the effect of carbon (IV) oxide on photosynthesis
- Set up the experiment with appropriate controls
- Record and analyze results
- Draw conclusions from the experiment

What is the importance of photosynthesis in nature?

- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 62)

- Observation - Practical work - Written reports

Living Things and their Environment

Nutrition in plants - Importance of photosynthesis
Nutrition in plants - Environmental impact of photosynthesis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the importance of photosynthesis in nature
- Relate photosynthesis to food production and oxygen release
- Appreciate the significance of photosynthesis

- Search for information on importance of photosynthesis
- Discuss how photosynthesis benefits plants, animals and the environment
- Make summary notes on importance of photosynthesis

What is the importance of photosynthesis in nature?

- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 64)
- Digital resources

- Observation - Written assignments - Oral presentations

Living Things and their Environment

Nutrition in animals - Modes of nutrition in animals
Nutrition in animals - Parasitic mode of nutrition

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of nutrition in animals
- Identify different modes of nutrition in animals
- Appreciate the diversity of feeding mechanisms in animals

- Observe pictures of animals with different feeding mechanisms
- Discuss modes of nutrition in animals
- Categorize different animals based on how they feed

How do different animals feed?

- Mentor Integrated Science Grade 9 (pg. 73)
- Digital devices

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments - Group presentations

Living Things and their Environment

Nutrition in animals - Saprophytic mode of nutrition
Nutrition in animals - Symbiotic mode of nutrition
Nutrition in animals - 

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain saprophytic mode of nutrition
- Identify organisms that exhibit saprophytic mode of nutrition
- Value the role of saprophytes in nutrient cycling

- Observe pictures/videos of saprophytic organisms
- Discuss the characteristics of saprophytic organisms
- Research on examples of saprophytic organisms
- Discuss the importance of saprophytes in the ecosystem

How do different animals feed?

- Mentor Integrated Science Grade 9 (pg. 74)
- Digital devices

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments - Group discussions
- Observation

Living Things and their Environment

Nutrition in animals - Types of teeth (functions)
Nutrition in animals - Dentition in animals (homodont and heterodont)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the functions of different types of teeth
- Relate the structure of teeth to their functions
- Show interest in understanding tooth function

- Discuss the functions of different types of teeth
- Using models, demonstrate how different teeth perform their functions
- Make presentations on the relationship between structure and function of teeth

How is food digested in the human body?

- Mentor Integrated Science Grade 9 (pg. 77)
- Dental models or charts

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments - Presentations

Living Things and their Environment

Nutrition in animals - Dentition in carnivores

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the dentition of carnivores
- Identify adaptations of carnivore teeth to their feeding habits

- Observe pictures/models of carnivore teeth
- Discuss the adaptations of carnivore teeth to their feeding habits
- Research on examples of carnivores and their dentition

How is food digested in the human body?

- Mentor Integrated Science Grade 9 (pg. 79)

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments - Presentations

Living Things and their Environment

Nutrition in animals - Dentition in herbivores

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the dentition of herbivores
- Identify adaptations of herbivore teeth to their feeding habits
- Show interest in understanding herbivore dentition

- Observe pictures/models of herbivore teeth
- Discuss the adaptations of herbivore teeth to their feeding habits
- Research on examples of herbivores and their dentition
- Make presentations on herbivore dentition

How is food digested in the human body?

- Mentor Integrated Science Grade 9 (pg. 80)
- Pictures/models of herbivore teeth
- Digital devices

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments - Presentations

Living Things and their Environment

Nutrition in animals - Dentition in omnivores
Nutrition in animals - Process of digestion (ingestion)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the dentition of omnivores
- Identify adaptations of omnivore teeth to their feeding habits
- Show interest in understanding omnivore dentition

- Observe pictures/models of omnivore teeth
- Discuss the adaptations of omnivore teeth to their feeding habits
- Research on examples of omnivores and their dentition

How is food digested in the human body?

- Mentor Integrated Science Grade 9 (pg. 81)
- Pictures/models of omnivore teeth
- Digital devices

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments - Presentations
- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments - Demonstrations

Living Things and their Environment

Nutrition in animals - Process of digestion (digestion)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the process of digestion in human beings

- Discuss the process of digestion in different parts of the digestive system
- Using charts/models, identify organs involved in digestion

How is food digested in the human body?

- Mentor Integrated Science Grade 9 (pg. 83)
- Charts/models of the digestive system
- Digital devices

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments - Presentations

Living Things and their Environment

Nutrition in animals - Process of digestion (absorption)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the process of absorption in human beings
- Identify structures involved in absorption and their adaptations

- Discuss the process of absorption in the small intestine
- Using charts/models, identify structures involved in absorption
- Research on the adaptations of the small intestine for absorption

How is food digested in the human body?

 Integrated Science Grade 9 (pg. 83)
- Charts/models of the digestive system
- Digital devices

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments - Presentations

Living Things and their Environment

Nutrition in animals - Process of digestion (assimilation)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the process of assimilation in human beings
- Describe how absorbed nutrients are utilized in the body
- Value the importance of proper nutrition for body functions

- Discuss the process of assimilation
- Research on how different nutrients are used in the body
- Create presentations on the process of assimilation
- Discuss the importance of proper nutrition

How is food digested in the human body?

 Integrated Science Grade 9 (pg. 84)
- Charts of the circulatory system
- Digital devices

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments - Presentations

Living Things and their Environment

Nutrition in animals - Process of digestion (egestion)
Reproduction in plants - Parts of a flower
Reproduction in plants - Functions of parts of a flower

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the process of egestion in human beings
- Identify structures involved in egestion and their functions
- Appreciate the importance of proper waste elimination

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- Discuss the process of egestion
- Using charts/models, identify structures involved in egestion
- Research on the importance of fiber in egestion

How is food digested in the human body?
How does reproduction in plants occur?

- Mentor Integrated Science Grade 9 (pg. 84)
- Charts/models of the large intestine
- Digital devices

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments - Presentations
- Observation - Drawing assessment - Oral questions - Written assignments

Living Things and their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Meaning of pollination
Reproduction in plants - Types of pollination (self-pollination)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of pollination
- Describe the importance of pollination in plant reproduction

- Discuss the meaning of pollination
- Watch videos on pollination process
- Research on the importance of pollination in plant reproduction
- Present findings to the class

How does reproduction in plants occur?

- Mentor Integrated Science Grade 9 (pg. 88)
- Digital devices
- Videos on pollination

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments - Group presentations

Living Things and their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Types of pollination (cross-pollination)
Reproduction in plants - Agents of pollination (insects)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain cross-pollination
- Identify plants that undergo cross-pollination

- Discuss cross-pollination
- Use diagrams/charts to illustrate cross-pollination
- Research on examples of plants that undergo cross-pollination

How does reproduction in plants occur?

- Mentor Integrated Science Grade 9 (pg. 89)
- Charts showing cross-pollination
- Digital devices

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments - Group presentations

Living Things and their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Agents of pollination (birds, other animals)
Reproduction in plants - Agents of pollination (wind, water)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify birds and other animals as agents of pollination

- Observe pictures/videos of birds and other animals as pollinators
- Discuss how birds and other animals aid in pollination
- Research on examples of flowers pollinated by birds and other animals

How does reproduction in plants occur?

- Mentor Integrated Science Grade 9 (pg. 90)
- Pictures/videos of bird and animal pollinators

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments - Group presentations

Living Things and their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Adaptations of flowers to insect pollination
Reproduction in plants - Adaptations of flowers to wind pollination

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify adaptations of flowers to insect pollination
- Explain how these adaptations facilitate insect pollination

- Observe insect-pollinated flowers
- Identify and discuss adaptations to insect pollination
- Compare different insect-pollinated flowers

How does reproduction in plants occur?

- Mentor Integrated Science Grade 9 (pg. 92)
- Fresh insect-pollinated flowers

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments - Group presentations

Living Things and their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Effects of agrochemicals on pollinating agents

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the effects of agrochemicals on pollinating agents
- Describe how these effects impact plant reproduction

- Research on the effects of agrochemicals on pollinating agents
- Discuss how these effects impact plant reproduction

How does reproduction in plants occur?

- Mentor Integrated Science Grade 9 (pg. 94)
- Digital devices
- Articles on effects of agrochemicals on pollinators

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments - Debate assessment

Living Things and their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Fertilization in flowering plants

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the process of fertilization in flowering plants

- Watch videos on fertilization in flowering plants
- Use diagrams/charts to illustrate the fertilization process
- Discuss the journey of the pollen tube to the ovule

How does reproduction in plants occur?

- Mentor Integrated Science Grade 9 (pg. 95)

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments - Group presentations

Living Things and their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Seed formation in flowering plants

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the process of seed formation in flowering plants
- Identify the changes that occur during seed formation
- Value the importance of seeds in plant reproduction

- Watch videos on seed formation
- Use diagrams/charts to illustrate seed formation
- Observe different stages of seed development if available
- Discuss the changes that occur during seed formation

How does reproduction in plants occur?

- Mentor Integrated Science Grade 9 (pg. 96)
- Videos on seed formation
- Charts showing seed formation
- Samples of seeds at different developmental stages

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments - Drawing assessment

Living Things and their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Fruit formation in flowering plants
Reproduction in plants - Fruit and seed dispersal (meaning and importance)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the process of fruit formation in flowering plants
- Identify the changes that occur during fruit formation

- Watch videos on fruit formation
- Use diagrams/charts to illustrate fruit formation
- Observe different stages of fruit development if available
- Discuss the changes that occur during fruit formation
- Discuss the meaning of fruit and seed dispersal

How does reproduction in plants occur?

 Integrated Science Grade 9 (pg. 97)
- Videos on fruit formation
- Charts showing fruit formation

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments - Drawing assessment

Living Things and their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Modes of fruit and seed dispersal (animals)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain animal dispersal of fruits and seeds
- Identify fruits and seeds dispersed by animals
- Appreciate the role of animals in plant reproduction

- Collect and observe fruits and seeds dispersed by animals
- Discuss the adaptations of these fruits and seeds for animal dispersal
- Research on examples of animal-dispersed fruits and seeds

How does reproduction in plants occur?

- Mentor Integrated Science Grade 9 (pg. 99)

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments - Collection assessment

Living Things and their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Modes of fruit and seed dispersal (wind, water)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain wind and water dispersal of fruits and seeds

- Collect and observe fruits and seeds dispersed by wind and water
- Discuss the adaptations of these fruits and seeds for wind and water dispersal

How does reproduction in plants occur?

- Mentor Integrated Science Grade 9 (pg. 100)

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments - Collection assessment

Living Things and their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Modes of fruit and seed dispersal (self-dispersal mechanisms)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain self-dispersal mechanisms in fruits and seeds
- Identify fruits and seeds that use self-dispersal mechanisms
- Appreciate the diversity in dispersal mechanisms

- Observe fruits that use self-dispersal mechanisms
- Discuss the adaptations of these fruits and seeds for self-dispersal
- Research on examples of self-dispersed fruits and seeds
- Create presentations on self-dispersal mechanisms

How does reproduction in plants occur?

- Mentor Integrated Science Grade 9 (pg. 101)

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments - Group presentations

Living Things and their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Adaptations of fruits and seeds for dispersal

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify adaptations of fruits and seeds for different dispersal methods

- Collect and observe different fruits and seeds
- Identify adaptations for different dispersal methods
- Categorize the fruits and seeds based on their dispersal methods

How does reproduction in plants occur?

- Mentor Integrated Science Grade 9 (pg. 102)
- Various fruit and seed samples
- Hand lens
- Sorting trays

- Observation - Oral questions - Classification activities - Written assignments

Living Things and their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Role of flowers in nature
The interdependence of life - Components of the environment
The interdependence of life - Biotic factors (predation)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the role of flowers in nature
- Describe the ecological importance of flowers
- Appreciate the value of flowers in the ecosystem

- Identify biotic and abiotic components of the environment

- Discuss the role of flowers in nature
- Research on the ecological importance of flowers
- Debate on the value of flowers in the ecosystem

How does reproduction in plants occur?
What is the role of living and non-living factors in environments?

- Mentor Integrated Science Grade 9 (pg. 105)

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments - Group presentations
- Observation - Field notes assessment - Oral questions - Written assignments

Living Things and their Environment

The interdependence of life - Biotic factors (parasitism)
The interdependence of life - Biotic factors (symbiosis)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain parasitism as a biotic interaction
- Identify examples of parasitic relationships

- Discuss parasitism as a biotic interaction
- Observe pictures/videos of parasitic relationships
- Research on examples of parasitic relationships
- Present findings to class

What is the role of living and non-living factors in environments?

- Mentor Integrated Science Grade 9 (pg. 109)

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments - Group presentations

Living Things and their Environment

The interdependence of life - Biotic factors (competition)
The interdependence of life - Biotic factors (saprophytic)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain competition as a biotic interaction
- Identify examples of competitive relationships

- Discuss competition as a biotic interaction
- Observe pictures/videos of competitive relationships
- Research on examples of competitive relationships
- Present findings to class

What is the role of living and non-living factors in environments?

- Mentor Integrated Science Grade 9 (pg. 111)

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments - Group presentations

Living Things and their Environment

The interdependence of life - Abiotic factors (temperature)
The interdependence of life - Abiotic factors (light)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how temperature affects living organisms
- Describe adaptations of organisms to different temperatures
- Value the importance of temperature in ecosystems

- Discuss how temperature affects living organisms
- Research on adaptations of organisms to different temperatures
- Observe pictures/videos of organisms in different temperature zones
- Present findings to class

What is the role of living and non-living factors in environments?

- Mentor Integrated Science Grade 9 (pg. 113)
- Thermometers
- Pictures/videos of organisms in different temperature zones

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments - Group presentations

Living Things and their Environment

The interdependence of life - Abiotic factors (water)
The interdependence of life - Abiotic factors (wind)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how water availability affects living organisms

- Discuss how water availability affects living organisms
- Research on adaptations of organisms to different water conditions
s

What is the role of living and non-living factors in environments?

- Mentor Integrated Science Grade 9 (pg. 115)

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments - Group presentations

Living Things and their Environment

The interdependence of life - Abiotic factors (atmospheric pressure, pH and salinity)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how atmospheric pressure, pH and salinity affect living organisms
- Describe adaptations of organisms to these abiotic factors
- Value adaptations to different environments

- Discuss how atmospheric pressure, pH and salinity affect living organisms
- Research on adaptations of organisms to these factors
- Test pH and salinity of different water samples if possible
- Present findings to class

What is the role of living and non-living factors in environments?

- Mentor Integrated Science Grade 9 (pg. 117)

- Observation - Oral questions - Practical assessment - Written assignments

Living Things and their Environment

The interdependence of life - Energy flow (food chains)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the concept of food chains
- Construct simple food chains
- Appreciate energy flow in ecosystems

- Discuss the concept of food chains
- Identify producers and consumers in the environment
- Construct simple food chains using organisms observed in the local environment
- Present food chains to class

What is the role of living and non-living factors in environments?

- Mentor Integrated Science Grade 9 (pg. 118)

- Observation - Oral questions - Food chain construction assessment - Written assignments

Living Things and their Environment

The interdependence of life - Energy flow (food webs)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the concept of food webs
- Construct simple food webs
- Value the complexity of feeding relationships in ecosystems

- Discuss the concept of food webs
- Identify how food chains interconnect to form food webs
- Construct simple food webs using organisms observed in the local environment
- Present food webs to class

What is the role of living and non-living factors in environments?

- Mentor Integrated Science Grade 9 (pg. 119)
- Charts showing food webs
- Pictures of local organisms
- Digital devices

- Observation - Oral questions - Food web construction assessment - Written assignments

Living Things and their Environment

The interdependence of life - Human activities (habitat change)
The interdependence of life - Human activities (hunting and poaching)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how human activities lead to habitat change
- Describe the effects of habitat change on ecosystems

- Discuss human activities that lead to habitat change
s

What is the role of living and non-living factors in environments?

- Mentor Integrated Science Grade 9 (pg. 120)

- Observation - Oral questions - Debate assessment - Written assignments

Living Things and their Environment

The interdependence of life - Human activities (introduction of new living things)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the effects of introducing new species to ecosystems

- Discuss the effects of introducing new species to ecosystems
- Research on examples of invasive species and their impacts

What is the role of living and non-living factors in environments?

- Mentor Integrated Science Grade 9 (pg. 122)

- Observation - Oral questions - Debate assessment - Written assignments

Living Things and their Environment

The interdependence of life - Interrelationships in Kenya national parks

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe interrelationships in Kenya national parks

- Research on interrelationships in Kenya national parks
- Construct food chains and food webs of Kenya national parks

What is the role of living and non-living factors in environments?

- Mentor Integrated Science Grade 9 (pg. 123)

- Observation - Oral questions - Food web construction assessment - Presentations

Living Things and their Environment

The interdependence of life - Role of decomposers in ecosystems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the role of decomposers in ecosystems
- Identify examples of decomposers

- Discuss the role of decomposers in ecosystems
- Observe pictures/videos of decomposers in action
- Research on examples of decomposers

What is the role of living and non-living factors in environments?

- Mentor Integrated Science Grade 9 (pg. 125)

- Observation - Oral questions - Model assessment - Written assignments