Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Types of curved mirrors
Curved mirrors - Terms associated with concave mirrors
Curved mirrors - Determining focal length of concave mirror
Curved mirrors - Ray diagrams for concave mirrors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the types of curved mirrors
- Differentiate between concave and convex mirrors
- Appreciate the applications of curved mirrors in day to day life

- Explain how to determine the focal length of a concave mirror
- Perform an experiment to determine the focal length of a concave mirror
- Value the practical approach in determining properties of mirrors

- Discuss the types of curved mirrors (concave, convex, and parabolic surfaces)
- Use shiny spoons to demonstrate the difference between concave and convex reflective surfaces
- Observe and record how images are formed by the inner and outer surfaces of the spoon
- Set up a concave mirror to focus an image of a distant object on a screen
- Measure the distance between the mirror and the screen
- Record and analyze the results to determine the focal length

How are curved mirrors used in day to day life?
Why is it important to know the focal length of a concave mirror?

- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 133)
- Shiny spoons
- Digital resources on curved mirrors
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 135)
- Digital resources
- Charts showing the structure of a concave mirror
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 137)
- Concave mirrors
- Rulers
- White screens or plain paper
- Mirror holders
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 140)
- Plain paper
- Pencils
- Drawing instruments

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments
- Observation - Practical assessment - Written reports

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Image formation by concave mirrors (beyond C)
Curved mirrors - Image formation by concave mirrors (at C)
Curved mirrors - Image formation by concave mirrors (between C and F)
Curved mirrors - Image formation by concave mirrors (at F)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Draw ray diagrams to locate images when objects are placed beyond C
- Describe the characteristics of images formed
- Appreciate the systematic approach in determining image properties

- Draw ray diagrams to locate images when objects are placed between C and F
- Describe the characteristics of images formed
- Appreciate the systematic approach in determining image properties

- Draw ray diagrams to locate images when objects are placed beyond the center of curvature
- Use the ray diagrams to determine image characteristics (size, position, nature)
- Compare theoretical predictions with practical observations
- Draw ray diagrams to locate images when objects are placed between the center of curvature and the principal focus
- Determine the characteristics of images formed
- Verify the results through practical observation

What are the characteristics of images formed when objects are placed beyond the center of curvature?
What are the characteristics of images formed when objects are placed between the center of curvature and the principal focus?

- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 143)
- Concave mirrors
- Drawing instruments
- Digital resources
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 144)
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 145)
- Concave mirrors
- Drawing instruments
- Digital resources
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 147)

- Observation - Ray diagram assessment - Written descriptions

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Image formation by concave mirrors (between F and P)
Curved mirrors - Characteristics of images formed by concave mirrors
Curved mirrors - Locating images formed by concave mirrors experimentally
Curved mirrors - Terms associated with convex mirrors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Draw ray diagrams to locate images when objects are placed between F and P
- Describe the characteristics of images formed
- Appreciate the practical applications of this image formation

- Set up an experiment to locate images formed by concave mirrors
- Record and analyze experimental observations
- Show interest in practical verification of theoretical concepts

- Draw ray diagrams to locate images when objects are placed between the principal focus and the pole
- Determine the characteristics of images formed
- Discuss practical applications like magnifying mirrors
- Set up experiments to locate images formed by concave mirrors for different object positions
- Record observations in a structured table
- Compare experimental results with theoretical predictions

What are the characteristics of images formed when objects are placed between the principal focus and the pole?
How can we experimentally verify the characteristics of images formed by concave mirrors?

- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 148)
- Concave mirrors
- Drawing instruments
- Digital resources
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 149)
- Previous ray diagrams
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 150)
- Concave mirrors
- Mirror holders
- Screens
- Candles or light sources
- Rulers
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 153)
- Convex mirrors
- Digital resources
- Charts showing the structure of convex mirrors

- Observation - Ray diagram assessment - Written descriptions
- Observation - Practical assessment - Written reports

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Ray diagrams for convex mirrors
Curved mirrors - Image formation by convex mirrors
Curved mirrors - Locating images formed by convex mirrors experimentally
Curved mirrors - Applications of curved mirrors (concave mirrors)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Draw conventional ray diagrams for convex mirrors
- Identify the four special rays used in ray diagrams for convex mirrors
- Show interest in the ray diagram approach to locate images

- Set up an experiment to locate images formed by convex mirrors
- Record and analyze experimental observations
- Show interest in practical verification of theoretical concepts

- Draw conventional ray diagrams of convex mirrors
- Identify and draw the four types of rays used in ray diagrams for convex mirrors
- Analyze how these rays help locate images
- Set up experiments to observe images formed by convex mirrors
- Record observations about the nature, size, and position of images
- Compare experimental results with theoretical predictions

How do ray diagrams help in locating images formed by convex mirrors?
How can we experimentally verify the characteristics of images formed by convex mirrors?

- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 154)
- Plain paper
- Rulers
- Pencils
- Drawing instruments
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 156)
- Convex mirrors
- Digital resources
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 159)
- Convex mirrors
- Mirror holders
- Objects of various sizes
- Rulers
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 161)
- Concave mirrors
- Digital resources
- Examples of devices using concave mirrors

- Observation - Drawing assessment - Written assignments
- Observation - Practical assessment - Written reports

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Applications of curved mirrors (convex mirrors)
Curved mirrors - Applications of curved mirrors (parabolic reflectors)
Waves - Meaning of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify applications of convex mirrors in daily life
- Explain how the properties of convex mirrors make them suitable for specific applications
- Value the role of curved mirrors in enhancing safety and efficiency

- Identify applications of parabolic reflectors in daily life
- Explain how the focusing properties of parabolic reflectors make them suitable for specific applications
- Show interest in advanced applications of curved mirrors

- Research and discuss applications of convex mirrors (driving mirrors, security mirrors, eliminating blind spots)
- Explain how the wide field of view property of convex mirrors relates to their applications
- Observe examples of convex mirrors in use
- Research and discuss applications of parabolic reflectors (solar cookers, car headlamps, photography equipment)
- Explain the special focusing properties of parabolic surfaces
- Demonstrate applications using models or examples

What are the practical applications of convex mirrors in our daily lives?
What are the practical applications of parabolic reflectors in our daily lives?

- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 162)
- Convex mirrors
- Digital resources
- Examples of devices using convex mirrors
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 163)
- Digital resources
- Examples of devices using parabolic reflectors
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 166)
- Basin with water
- Small objects to drop in water

- Observation - Oral presentations - Written assignments
- Observation - Oral presentations - Group projects

Force and Energy

Waves - Generating waves in nature
Waves - Transverse and longitudinal waves
Waves - Classifying waves
Waves - Amplitude and wavelength

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe how to generate different types of waves
- Differentiate between mechanical and electromagnetic waves
- Appreciate the presence of waves in everyday phenomena

- Classify various waves into transverse and longitudinal categories
- Give examples of transverse and longitudinal waves in nature
- Value the importance of classification in scientific study

- Demonstrate generation of waves using a rope
- Generate water waves in a basin
- Observe how sound waves are generated using a speaker
- Discuss the difference between mechanical and electromagnetic waves
- Study different wave examples provided in the textbook
- Classify the waves into transverse and longitudinal categories
- Research and identify real-world examples of both types of waves
- Create a classification chart of common waves

How are different types of waves generated in nature?
How are waves classified based on particle movement?

- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 167)
- Rope
- Basin with water
- Speakers
- Rice or sand
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 169)
- Slinky springs
- Cloth pieces for marking
- Digital resources showing wave motion
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 171)
- Digital resources
- Charts showing different wave types
- Wave demonstration equipment
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 172)
- Wave diagrams
- Rulers
- Graph paper
- Digital simulations

- Observation - Practical assessment - Written reports
- Observation - Classification exercises - Oral presentations - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Waves - Frequency and period
Waves - Practical: Period of waves
Waves - Wave speed
Waves - Phase of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define frequency and period of waves
- Describe the relationship between frequency and period
- Show interest in quantitative aspects of wave motion

- Explain how to determine the speed of a wave
- Apply the wave speed equation v = fλ
- Show interest in mathematical relationships in wave phenomena

- Search for the meaning of frequency and period using digital or print resources
- Discuss the motion of a mass on a string to illustrate oscillation
- Create displacement-time graphs for oscillating objects
- Establish the relationship between frequency and period
- Discuss how to calculate wave speed using the distance-time method
- Introduce the wave equation speed = wavelength × frequency
- Solve example problems involving wave speed calculations
- Perform calculations with different wave parameters

What is the relationship between frequency and period in wave motion?
How is the speed of a wave determined?

- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 173)
- Digital resources
- String and masses
- Stopwatches
- Graph paper
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 175)
- Stands with clamps
- Strings
- Masses
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 176)
- Calculators
- Wave speed problems
- Digital resources
- Wave demonstration equipment
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 178)
- Stands with clamps
- Strings and identical masses
- Stopwatches
- Graph paper

- Observation - Practical assessment - Graph analysis - Written assignments
- Observation - Problem-solving exercises - Mathematical calculations - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Waves - Oscillation in phase
Waves - Oscillation out of phase
Waves - Characteristics of waves: straight-line motion
Waves - Characteristics of waves: reflection

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Set up pendulums oscillating in phase
- Compare the displacement-time graphs of in-phase oscillations
- Show curiosity in investigating wave phenomena

- Identify parts of a ripple tank
- Demonstrate that waves travel in straight lines
- Show interest in systematic investigation of wave properties

- Set up identical pendulums oscillating in phase
- Record period and create displacement-time graphs
- Analyze the characteristics of in-phase oscillations
- Compare theoretical and experimental results
- Identify parts of a ripple tank
- Set up a ripple tank to demonstrate straight-line motion of waves
- Observe and trace wave fronts on paper
- Analyze the direction of wave propagation

What are the characteristics of oscillations that are in phase?
How do we demonstrate that waves travel in straight lines?

- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 179)
- Pendulum apparatus
- Stopwatches
- Measuring equipment
- Graph paper
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 181)
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 183)
- Ripple tank
- Water
- Paper for tracing
- Rulers
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 184)
- Metal strips as reflectors
- Paper for tracing wave patterns

- Observation - Practical assessment - Graph construction and analysis - Written reports
- Observation - Practical assessment - Drawing analysis - Written reports

Force and Energy

Waves - Characteristics of waves: bending
Waves - Characteristics of waves: diffraction
Waves - Remote sensing in relation to waves
Waves - Transmission, absorption and reflection in remote sensing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate bending (refraction) of waves in a ripple tank
- Explain how wave speed changes with medium depth
- Show interest in how waves interact with different media

- Describe remote sensing process
- Explain the role of waves in remote sensing
- Show interest in technological applications of wave properties

- Set up a ripple tank with shallow and deep regions
- Generate waves and observe their behavior at the boundary
- Measure and compare wavelengths in different depth regions
- Relate wavelength changes to speed changes
- Search for information about remote sensing using digital resources
- Discuss the remote sensing process and how waves are used
- Identify where absorption and reflection occur in remote sensing
- Prepare and present findings on remote sensing

How do waves bend when moving between different media?
How is remote sensing related to waves?

- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 185)
- Ripple tank
- Water
- Glass plate to create shallow region
- Paper for tracing wave patterns
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 186)
- Metal barriers with adjustable gaps
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 187)
- Digital resources
- Diagrams of remote sensing processes
- Video clips on remote sensing
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 188)
- Examples of remote sensing data

- Observation - Practical assessment - Drawing analysis - Written reports
- Observation - Research reports - Oral presentations - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Waves - Applications of waves in everyday life

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify various applications of waves in everyday life
- Explain how wave properties are utilized in different technologies
- Appreciate the importance of waves in modern society

- Research applications of waves in everyday life (communication, medical imaging, entertainment)
- Discuss how specific wave properties are utilized in different applications
- Present findings on wave applications
- Relate wave theory to practical applications

What are the practical applications of waves in our everyday life?

- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 190)
- Digital resources
- Examples of wave-based technologies
- Video clips on wave applications

- Observation - Research reports - Oral presentations - Written assignments