THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM & THE PERIODIC TABLE

Atomic and mass numbers.
First twenty elements of the periodic table.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:


Name the subatomic particles in an atom.
Define atomic number and mass number of an atom.
Represent atomic and mass numbers symbolically.

Exposition on new concepts;
Probing questions;
Brief discussion.

text book
Periodic table.

K.L.B.
BOOK II

PP. 1-3

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM & THE PERIODIC TABLE

Isotopes.
Electronic configuration.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define isotopes.
Give examples of isotopes.

Exposition of definition and examples of isotopes.
Giving examples of isotopes.

Periodic table.

K.L.B.
BOOK II
P. 4





PP. 5-8

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM & THE PERIODIC TABLE

Electronic configuration in diagrams.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Represent electronic configuration diagrammatically.

Supervised practice;
Written exercise.

text book

K.L.B.
BOOK II
PP. 5-8

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM & THE PERIODIC TABLE

Periods of the periodic table.
Groups of the periodic table.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify elements of the same period.

Exposition ? Definition of a period.
Q/A: Examples of elements of the same period.

Periodic table.

K.L.B. BOOK IIP. 9

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM & THE PERIODIC TABLE

R.M.M. and isotopes.
Positive ions and ion formation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Calculate R.M.M. from isotopic composition.

Supervised practice involving calculation of RMM from isotopic composition.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK IIPP. 11-13

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM & THE PERIODIC TABLE

Positive ions representation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To represent formation of positive ions symbolically.

Diagrammatic representation of cations.

Chart  ion model.

K.L.B. BOOK IIP 16

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM & THE PERIODIC TABLE

Negative ions and ion formation.
Valencies of metals.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define an anion.
To describe formation of negative ions symbolically.

Teacher gives examples of stable atoms.
Guided discovery of formation of negative ions.
Diagrammatic representation of anions.

Chart  ion model.
Periodic table.

K.L.B. BOOK IIP 17

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM & THE PERIODIC TABLE

Valencie of non-metals.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Recall valencies of non-metals among the first twenty elements in the periodic table.

Q/A to review previous lesson;
Exposition;
Guided discovery.

Periodic table.

K.L.B. BOOK IIP 17

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM & THE PERIODIC TABLE

Valencies of radicals.
Oxidation number.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define a radical.
Recall the valencies of common radicals.

Exposition ? teacher defines a radical, gives examples of radicals and exposes their valencies.
Students draw a table of radicals and their valencies.

text book
The periodic table.

K.L.B. BOOK IIP 18

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM & THE PERIODIC TABLE

Electronic configuration, ion formed, valency and oxidation number
Chemical formulae of compounds. - Elements of equal valencies.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Relate electronic configuration, ion formed, valency and oxidation number of different elements.

Written exercise;
Exercise review.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK IIP 18

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM & THE PERIODIC TABLE

Chemical formulae of compounds. -Elements of unequal valencies.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To derive the formulae of some compounds involving elements of unequal valencies.

Discuss formation of compounds such as MgCl2
Al (NO3)3

text book

K.L.B. BOOK IIPP 19-20

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM & THE PERIODIC TABLE

Chemical formulae of compounds. -Elements of variable valencies.
Chemical equations.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To derive the formulae of some compounds involving elements of variable valencies.

Discuss formation of compounds such as
-Copper (I) Oxide.
-Copper (II) Oxide.
-Iron (II) Sulphate.
-Iron (III) Sulphate.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK IIP 20

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM & THE PERIODIC TABLE

Balanced chemical equations.
Balanced chemical equations.(contd)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To balance chemical equations correctly.

Exposition;
Supervised practice.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK IIPP 24-25

CHEMICAL FAMILIES

Alkali metals. Atomic and ionic radii of alkali metals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:





Identify alkali metals.
State changes in atomic and ionic radii of alkali metals.

Q/A to reviews elements of group I and their electronic configuration.
Examine a table of elements, their symbols and atomic & ionic radii.
Discussion & making deductions from the table.

The periodic

K.L.B. BOOK IIPP 28-29

CHEMICAL FAMILIES

Ionisation energy of alkali metals.
Physical properties of alkali metals.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State changes in number of energy levels and ionisation energy of alkali metals.

Examine a table of elements, number of energy levels and their ionization energy.
Discuss the trend deduced from the table.

text book
Chart ? comparative properties of Li, Na, K.

K.L.B. BOOK II

CHEMICAL FAMILIES

Chemical properties of alkali metals.
Reaction of alkali metals with chlorine gas.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe reaction of alkali metals with water.

Q/A: Review reaction of metals with water.
Writing down chemical equations for the reactions.
Deduce and discuss the order of reactivity down the group.

text book
Sodium, chlorine.

K.L.B. BOOK IIP. 32

CHEMICAL FAMILIES

Compounds of alkali metals.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Write chemical formulae for compounds of alkali metals.
Explain formation of hydroxides, oxides and chlorides of alkali metals.

Exercise: Completing a table of hydroxides, oxides and chlorides of alkali metals.
Discuss combination of ions of alkali metals with anions.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK II pp 33

CHEMICAL FAMILIES

Uses of alkali metals.
Alkaline Earth metals Atomic and ionic radii of alkaline earth metals.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State uses of alkali metals.

Descriptive approach: Teacher elucidates uses of alkali metals.

text book
Some alkaline earth metals.

K.L.B. BOOK II pp 34

CHEMICAL FAMILIES

Physical properties of alkaline earth metals.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State and explain trends in physical properties of alkaline earth metals.

Examine a table showing comparative physical properties of Be, Mg, Ca.
Q/A: Teacher asks probing questions as students refer to the table for answers.
Detailed discussion of physical properties of alkaline earth metals.

Some alkaline earth metals.

K.L.B. BOOK II P. 35

CHEMICAL FAMILIES

Electrical properties of alkaline earth metals.
Chemical properties of alkaline earth metals. Reaction of alkaline earth metals with oxygen.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe electrical properties of alkaline earth metals.

Teacher demonstration: -
To show alkaline metals are good conductors of electric charge.

Alkaline earth metals.
text book

K.L.B. BOOK IIP. 37

CHEMICAL FAMILIES

Chemical properties of alkaline earth metals. Reaction of alkaline earth metals with water.
Reaction of alkaline earth metals with chlorine gas.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe reaction of alkaline earth metals with water.

Q/A: Review reaction of metals with water.
Writing down word and balanced chemical equations for the reactions.
Deduce and discuss the order of reactivity down the group.

Some alkaline earth metals.
Sodium, chlorine.

K.L.B. BOOK IIP. 39

CHEMICAL FAMILIES

Reaction of alkaline earth metals with dilute acids.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To write balanced equations for reactions of alkaline earth metals with dilute acids.

Changing word to chemical equations.
Supervised practice.

revision book

K.L.B. BOOK II PP. 43

CHEMICAL FAMILIES

Chemical formulae of alkaline earth metals.
Uses of some alkaline earth metals and their compounds.
Halogens. Physical properties of halogens.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Write chemical formulae for compounds of alkaline earth metals.
Explain formation of hydroxides, oxides and chlorides of alkaline earth metals.

Exercise: Completing a table of hydroxides, oxides and chlorides of alkaline earth metals.
Discuss combination of ions of alkaline earth metals with anions.

text book
Iodine crystals, electrical wire, a bulb.

K.L.B. BOOK II PP. 45-47

CHEMICAL FAMILIES

Comparative physical properties of halogens.
Chemical properties of halogens.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state and explain the trends in physical properties of halogens.

Examine a comparative table of physical properties of halogens.
Discuss the deductions made from the table.

text book
Chlorine, iron wool, bromine.

K.L.B. BOOK II P. 47

CHEMICAL FAMILIES

Equations of reaction of halogens with metals.
Reaction of halogens with water.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To write balanced chemical equations of reactions involving halogens.

Re-write word equations as chemical equations then balance them.
Supervised practice.

text book
Chlorine gas, litmus papers.

K.L.B. BOOK II P. 50

CHEMICAL FAMILIES
STRUCTURE & BONDING

Some uses of halogens and their compounds.
Noble Gases. Comparative physical properties of noble gases.
Uses of noble gases.
Chemical bonds. Ionic bond.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state uses of halogens and their compounds.

Teacher elucidates uses of halogens and their compounds.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK II pp 52

STRUCTURE & BONDING

Ionic bond representation.
Grant ionic structures.
Physical properties of ionic compounds.
Covalent bond.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Use dot and cross diagrams to represent ionic bonding.

Drawing diagrams of ionic bonds.

Chart- dot and cross diagrams.
Models for bonding.
Giant sodium chloride model.
text book

K.L.B. BOOK II P. 58

STRUCTURE & BONDING

Co-ordinate bond.
Molecular structure.
Trend in physical properties of molecular structures.
Giant atomic structure in diamond.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the co-ordinate bond
To represent co-ordinate bond diagrammatically.

Exposition- teacher explains the nature of co-ordinate bond.
Students represent co-ordinate bond diagrammatically.

text book
Sugar, naphthalene, iodine rhombic sulphur.
Diagrams in textbooks.

K.L.B. BOOK II P 65

STRUCTURE & BONDING

Giant atomic structure in graphite.
Metallic bond. Uses of some metals.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe giant atomic structure in graphite.
To state uses of graphite.

Diagrammatic representation of graphite.

Discuss uses of graphite.

Diagrams in textbooks.
text book

K.L.B. BOOK II pp 69

PROPERTIES AND TRENDS ACROSS PERIOD THREE

Physical properties of elements in periods.
Physical properties of elements in period 3.
Chemical properties of elements in period 3.
Chemical properties of elements in the third period.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:




To compare electrical conductivity of elements in period 3

Group experiments- Construct electrical circuits incorporating a magnesium ribbon, then aluminum foil, then sulphur in turns.
The brightness of the bulb is noted in each case.
Discuss the observations in terms of delocalised electrons.

The periodic table.

K.L.B. BOOK IIP. 76

PROPERTIES AND TRENDS ACROSS PERIOD THREE
SALTS

Oxides of period 3 elements.
Chlorides of period 3 elements.
Types of salts.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify bonds across elements in period 3.
To explain chemical behavior of their oxide.

Comparative analysis, discussion and explanation.

The periodic table.
text book

K.L.B. BOOK II P. 84

SALTS

Solubility of salts in water.
Solubility of bases in water.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To test solubility of various salts in cold water/warm water.

Class experiments- Dissolve salts in 5 cc of water.
Record the solubility in a table,
Analyse the results.

Sulphates, chlorides, nitrates, carbonates of various metals.
Oxides, hydroxides, of various metals, litmus papers.

K.L.B. BOOK II PP. 92-93

SALTS

Methods of preparing various salts.
Direct synthesis of a salts.
Ionic equations.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe various methods of preparing some salts.

Experimental and descriptive treatments of preparation of salts e.g. ZnSO4, CuSO4, NaCl and Pb(NO3)2.

CuO, H2SO4, HCl, NaOH, PbCO3, dil HNO3.
Iron,
Sulphur
PbNO3, MgSO4 solutions.

K.L.B. BOOK II pp96

SALTS

Effects of heat on carbonates.
Effects of heat on nitrates.
Effects of heat on sulphates.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state effects of heat on carbonates.
To predict products resulting from heating metal carbonates.

Group experiments- To investigate effects of heat on Na2CO3, K2CO3, CaCO3, ZnCO3, PbCO3, e.t.c.
Observe various colour changes before, during and after heating.
Write equations for the reactions.

Various carbonates.
Common metal nitrates.
Common sulphates.

K.L.B. BOOK II PP. 108-109

SALTS
EFFECTS OF AN ELECTRIC CURRENT ON SUBSTANCES.
EFFECTS OF AN ELECTRIC CURRENT ON SUBSTANCES.

Hygroscopy, Deliquescence and Efflorescence.
Uses of salts.
Electrical conductivity.
Molten electrolytes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define hygroscopic deliquescent and efflorescent salts.
To give examples of hygroscopic deliquescent and efflorescent salts.

Prepare a sample of various salts.
Expose them to the atmosphere overnight.
Students classify the salts as hygroscopic, deliquescent and / or efflorescent.

Various solids, bulb, battery, & wires.
Molten candle wax
Sugar
Sulphur
Lead oxide.

K.L.B. BOOK II P. 114

EFFECTS OF AN ELECTRIC CURRENT ON SUBSTANCES.
CARBON AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.
CARBON AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.
CARBON AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.

Electrolysis.
Allotropy.
Physical and chemical properties of diamond, graphite and amorphous carbon
Burning carbon and oxygen.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define electrolysis
To describe the process of electrolysis in terms of charge movement.

Descriptive approach punctuated with Q/A.

text book
Charcoal, graphite.
Carbon, limewater, tube, limewater stand& Bunsen burner.

K.L.B. BOOK II

CARBON AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.

Reduction properties of carbon.
Reaction of carbon with acids. Preparation of CO2.
Properties of CO2.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe reduction properties of carbon.
Show reduction properties of carbon.

Teacher demonstration ? Burn strongly a mixture of carbon and CuO on a bottle top.
Observe colour changes and give underlying explanation

CuO, pounded charcoal, Bunsen burner& bottle top
Conc. HNO3, limewater.
Lime water,
Magnesium ribbon,
Universal indicator,
lit candle.

K.L.B. BOOK II P.126

CARBON AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.

Chemical equations for reactions involving CO2.
Uses of CO2.
Carbon monoxide lab preparation.
Chemical properties of carbon monoxide.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Write balanced CO2.

Give examples of reactions. Write corresponding balanced chemical equations.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK II PP.139-140

CARBON AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.

Carbonates and hydrogen carbonates.
Heating carbonates and hydrogen carbonates.
Extraction of sodium carbonate from trona.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To write chemical equations for reactions of carbonates and hydrogen carbonates with acids.

Discuss the observations above.
Write chemical equations for the reactions.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK II

CARBON AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.

Solvay process of preparing sodium carbonate.
Importance of carbon in nature. & its effects on the environment.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw schematic diagram for extraction of sodium carbonates.

Discuss each step of the process.

Write relevant equations.

text book, chart
text book

K.L.B. BOOK II