Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in plants - Parts of a leaf
Nutrition in plants - Internal structure of a leaf

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify the external parts of a leaf
- Observe and draw the external structure of a leaf
- Show interest in studying parts of a leaf

- Pluck a variety of leaves from different plants and take them to the laboratory
- Study the leaves and describe their lamina based on size, surface area, leaf veins and thickness
- Draw a large well-labelled diagram of one of the leaves

What are the parts of a leaf?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 64)
- Hand lens
- Variety of fresh leaves
- Labelled charts of a leaf
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 65)
- Prepared slides of leaf sections
- Light microscope
- Charts of leaf TS

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in plants - Functions of leaf parts
Nutrition in plants - Adaptations of the leaf to photosynthesis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the functions of different parts of a leaf
- Explain the role of each part in photosynthesis
- Appreciate the structure-function relationship in leaves

- Discuss the functions of different parts of a leaf and their roles in photosynthesis
- Use charts and digital media to reinforce understanding of leaf functions
- Share findings with peers

How are the different parts of a leaf adapted to their functions?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 66)
- Digital resources
- Charts showing leaf structures
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 67)
- Wall charts on leaf adaptations

- Oral questions - Written assessment - Group presentations

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in plants - Structure and function of chloroplast

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the structure of chloroplast
- Explain the functions of parts of the chloroplast
- Show interest in the chloroplast as site of photosynthesis

- Search for information on the structure of chloroplast using digital resources
- Draw and label a chloroplast showing its internal structure
- Discuss functions of chloroplast components

Why is the chloroplast important in photosynthesis?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 68)
- Digital resources
- Charts of chloroplast structure

- Diagrams - Written assessment - Oral questions

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in plants - Process of photosynthesis
Nutrition in plants - Light and dark reactions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the process of photosynthesis
- Identify raw materials and products of photosynthesis
- Appreciate the importance of photosynthesis

- Discuss pictorial summaries of photosynthesis
- Describe the light and dark stages of photosynthesis
- Discuss raw materials and their sources

What happens during the process of photosynthesis?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 69)
- Digital resources
- Charts on photosynthesis
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 70)
- Charts on photosynthesis stages

- Written test - Oral questions - Diagrams

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in plants - Products of photosynthesis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify products of photosynthesis
- Explain how products are formed and stored
- Appreciate the value of photosynthetic products

- Discuss the products of photosynthesis using reference materials
- Explain how each organic food substance is produced and stored
- Make notes on findings

What are the products of photosynthesis and how are they important?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 71)
- Charts on photosynthesis
- Reference books

- Written test - Oral assessment - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in plants - Gas produced during photosynthesis
Nutrition in plants - Testing for starch in a leaf

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate the gas produced during photosynthesis
- Identify oxygen as a by-product of photosynthesis
- Appreciate the experimental approach to studying photosynthesis

- Set up experiment with water plants to collect gas produced during photosynthesis
- Test the collected gas with a glowing splint
- Record and discuss observations

What gas is released during photosynthesis?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 72)
- Water plants (Elodea)
- Test tubes, beakers
- Sodium hydrogen carbonate
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 73)
- Fresh leaves
- Iodine solution
- Methylated spirit, hot water

- Practical skills - Written reports - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in plants - Conditions necessary for photosynthesis
Nutrition in plants - Investigating light in photosynthesis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Discuss conditions necessary for photosynthesis
- Explain the role of different factors in photosynthesis
- Show interest in factors affecting photosynthesis

- Search for information on conditions necessary for photosynthesis
- Discuss the role of light, carbon(IV) oxide, chlorophyll, and water
- Share findings with class

What conditions are necessary for photosynthesis to occur?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 74)
- Digital resources
- Reference books
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 75)
- Potted plant
- Light-proof material
- Iodine solution

- Written questions - Oral assessment - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in plants - Investigating carbon(IV) oxide in photosynthesis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate the necessity of carbon(IV) oxide in photosynthesis
- Explain the role of carbon(IV) oxide in photosynthesis
- Demonstrate scientific skills in experimental design

- Set up apparatus with leaf in a flask containing sodium hydroxide
- Test the leaf for starch after exposure to light
- Compare with control leaf outside the flask

Why is carbon(IV) oxide necessary for photosynthesis?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 76)
- Potted plant
- Conical flask, cork
- Sodium hydroxide pellets

- Practical skills - Written reports - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in plants - Investigating chlorophyll in photosynthesis
Nutrition in plants - Investigating water in photosynthesis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate the necessity of chlorophyll in photosynthesis
- Explain the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis
- Show interest in experimental approach

- Use a plant with variegated leaves
- Expose to light after destarching
- Test the leaf for starch
- Observe distribution of starch in green and non-green parts

Why is chlorophyll necessary for photosynthesis?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 77)
- Plant with variegated leaves
- Iodine solution
- Methylated spirit
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 78)
- Photographs of plants under different water conditions
- Digital resources

- Practical skills - Written reports - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in plants - Importance of photosynthesis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the importance of photosynthesis in nature
- Describe how photosynthetic products support life
- Appreciate the value of photosynthesis in ecosystems

- Discuss the importance of photosynthesis under various headings
- Explain the significance of products of photosynthesis
- Discuss environmental importance of photosynthesis

Why is photosynthesis important in nature?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 79)
- Digital resources
- Reference books

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Group presentations

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in animals - Modes of nutrition
Nutrition in animals - Dentition in animals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Discuss different modes of nutrition in animals
- Differentiate between heterotrophic modes of nutrition
- Show interest in animal nutrition

- Search for information on modes of nutrition
- Discuss parasitic, saprophytic, symbiotic and holozoic nutrition
- Share findings with the class

How do animals obtain their food?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 80)
- Digital resources
- Charts on animal nutrition
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 81)
- Models of animal teeth
- Charts of teeth

- Written test - Oral questions - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in animals - Types and structure of teeth
Nutrition in animals - Functions of different teeth

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify different types of teeth
- Describe the structure of teeth
- Appreciate the relationship between structure and function in teeth

- Examine models or specimens of different teeth types
- Draw and label external and internal structure of teeth
- Discuss functions of different teeth parts

How are teeth adapted to their functions?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 82)
- Models of teeth
- Digital resources
- Charts of teeth
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 83)
- Charts

- Drawings - Written assessment - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in animals - Classification based on dentition

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Classify animals based on their dentition
- Determine dental formula of different animals
- Show interest in dentition patterns

- Study specimens or models of jaws of different animals
- Count teeth in upper and lower jaws
- Determine dental formula of different animals

How are animals classified based on their dentition?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 84)
- Specimens or models of animal jaws
- Digital resources

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Practical skills

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in animals - Herbivores, carnivores, omnivores
Nutrition in animals - Digestive system in humans

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify dentition of herbivores, carnivores and omnivores
- Explain adaptations of teeth to different feeding habits
- Show interest in relationship between dentition and diet

- Study jaws of herbivores, carnivores and omnivores
- Identify adaptations of teeth to feeding habits
- Discuss dental formula of different animal groups

How does dentition reflect the feeding habits of animals?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 85)
- Models or specimens of animal jaws
- Digital resources
- Charts
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 86)
- Charts of digestive system
- Models

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Practical skills

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in animals - Process of digestion

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the process of digestion along the alimentary canal
- Describe the role of digestive juices and enzymes
- Show interest in the digestive process

- Search for information on digestion in the alimentary canal
- Discuss digestion in the mouth, stomach, duodenum and ileum
- Watch animations on the digestive process

How does the process of digestion occur?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 87)
- Digital resources
- Charts of digestive process

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in animals - Absorption and assimilation
Reproduction in plants - Functions of parts of a flower

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the process of absorption in the ileum
- Explain the process of assimilation of nutrients
- Appreciate the efficiency of the digestive system

- Discuss adaptations of the ileum to absorption
- Draw and label the structure of a villus
- Discuss fate of absorbed food substances

How are digested food substances absorbed and utilized?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 88)
- Charts of villi structure
- Digital resources
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 86)
- Fresh flowers
- Hand lens
- Charts of flower structure

- Written assessment - Drawings - Oral questions

Living Things and Their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Pollination
Reproduction in plants - Adaptations to insect pollination

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define pollination
- Differentiate between self and cross-pollination
- Appreciate the importance of pollination

- Discuss the meaning of pollination
- Distinguish between self and cross-pollination
- Illustrate different types of pollination

What is pollination and why is it important?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 87)
- Digital resources
- Charts on pollination
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 88)
- Insect-pollinated flowers
- Hand lens
- Charts

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Adaptations to wind pollination

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify features of wind-pollinated flowers
- Explain adaptations of flowers to wind pollination
- Compare wind and insect pollination

- Examine a wind-pollinated flower
- Record structural features
- Discuss adaptations to wind pollination

How are flowers adapted to wind pollination?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 94)
- Wind-pollinated flowers (grass/maize)
- Hand lens
- Charts

- Practical skills - Written assessment - Oral questions

Living Things and Their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Field observation of pollination
Reproduction in plants - Fertilization in flowering plants

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Observe pollinating agents in action
- Identify different types of pollinating agents
- Show interest in natural pollination processes

- Survey different areas to identify flower types
- Observe organisms visiting flowers
- Record observations on pollinating agents

What organisms act as pollinating agents?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 95)
- Flowers in school compound
- Hand lens
- Camera/smartphone
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 96)
- Digital resources
- Charts on plant fertilization

- Field observation skills - Written reports - Practical assessment

Living Things and Their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Double fertilization

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the process of double fertilization
- Describe formation of zygote and endosperm
- Appreciate the uniqueness of flowering plant reproduction

- Search for animations on double fertilization
- Discuss the fusion of nuclei in the embryo sac
- Make a model of double fertilization

What happens during double fertilization?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 97)
- Digital resources
- Charts on double fertilization

- Model making - Written assessment - Oral questions

Living Things and Their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Fruit formation
Reproduction in plants - Types of fruits

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the process of fruit formation
- Explain development of ovary into fruit
- Show interest in post-fertilization changes

- Search for information on fruit formation
- Discuss events in fruit development
- Draw labeled diagrams of fruits

How does a fruit develop after fertilization?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 98)
- Digital resources
- Various fruits
- Charts
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 99)
- Knife/scalpel
- Specimen dishes

- Drawings - Written assessment - Oral questions

Living Things and Their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Fruit and seed dispersal
Reproduction in plants - Animals as dispersal agents

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the importance of fruit and seed dispersal
- Describe different methods of dispersal
- Appreciate adaptations for dispersal

- Collect fruits and seeds from different plants
- Observe external features
- Group fruits according to dispersal methods

How are fruits and seeds dispersed?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 102)
- Various fruits and seeds
- Hand lens
- Specimen dishes
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 106)
- Fruits with hooks (black jack)
- Succulent fruits

- Practical skills - Written assessment - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Water as a dispersal agent

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify fruits dispersed by water
- Explain adaptations for water dispersal
- Appreciate plant-environment interactions

- Observe fruits adapted for water dispersal
- Identify buoyancy adaptations
- Discuss features of water-dispersed fruits

How are fruits adapted for dispersal by water?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 107)
- Coconut fruit if available
- Pictures of water-dispersed fruits
- Digital resources

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Wind as a dispersal agent
Reproduction in plants - Self-dispersal mechanism

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify fruits dispersed by wind
- Explain adaptations for wind dispersal
- Show interest in dispersal mechanisms

- Observe fruits adapted for wind dispersal
- Identify wings, hair, feathery structures
- Discuss censor mechanism and other adaptations

How are fruits adapted for dispersal by wind?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 108)
- Wind-dispersed fruits/seeds
- Hand lens
- Digital resources
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 109)
- Pods of legumes
- Castor oil fruits if available

- Practical skills - Written assessment - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Importance of dispersal

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the importance of fruit and seed dispersal
- Describe benefits of dispersal for plant survival
- Appreciate ecological significance of dispersal

- Search for information on importance of dispersal
- Discuss colonization of new areas
- Discuss reduced competition through dispersal

Why is fruit and seed dispersal important?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 110)
- Digital resources
- Reference books

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Group discussions

Living Things and Their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Effect of agrochemicals
Reproduction in plants - Role of flowers in nature

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain effects of agrochemicals on pollinating agents
- Discuss impact on plant reproduction
- Show concern for environmental conservation

- Search for information on agrochemicals
- Discuss categories of agrochemicals
- Analyze effects on pollinators and plant reproduction

How do agrochemicals affect pollination and reproduction in plants?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 111)
- Digital resources
- Charts on agrochemicals
- Reference books

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Group discussions

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - Components of the environment
The interdependence of life - Competition

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define ecosystem, ecology and environment
- Identify biotic and abiotic components
- Show interest in interactions in ecosystems

- Study diagrams of ecosystems
- Identify living and non-living components
- Discuss relationships between organisms

What is an ecosystem?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 115)
- Digital resources
- Charts of ecosystems
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 116)
- Reference books

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - Predation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define predation, predator and prey
- Explain adaptations of predators and prey
- Show interest in predator-prey relationships

- Search for information on predation
- Discuss adaptations of predators and prey
- Analyze predator-prey population dynamics

How does predation affect population dynamics?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 117)
- Digital resources
- Videos on predation

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Group discussions

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - Parasitism
The interdependence of life - Symbiosis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define parasitism, parasite and host
- Explain effects of parasites on hosts
- Show interest in parasite-host relationships

- Search for information on parasitism
- Discuss types of parasites affecting humans and animals
- Analyze effect on distribution of organisms

How do parasites affect their hosts?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 119)
- Digital resources
- Charts on parasitism
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 120)
- Charts on symbiosis

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Group discussions

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - Saprophytism
The interdependence of life - Temperature effects

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define saprophytism
- Explain the role of saprophytes in ecosystems
- Appreciate decomposers in nutrient cycling

- Search for information on saprophytes
- Discuss bread molds, mushrooms and other decomposers
- Analyze effects on nutrient cycling

How do saprophytes contribute to ecosystem functioning?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 121)
- Digital resources
- Photographs of fungi
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 122)
- Thermometers
- Water in basin

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Group presentations

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - Light effects

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how light affects organisms
- Describe importance of light intensity, quality and duration
- Show interest in light as an ecological factor

- Discuss aspects of light affecting organisms
- Explain how light affects plants and animals
- Discuss measurement of light in ecosystems

How does light affect organisms in an ecosystem?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 123)
- Digital resources
- Light meter if available
- Secchi disc

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Group discussions

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - Atmospheric pressure
The interdependence of life - Humidity effects

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define atmospheric pressure
- Explain effects of atmospheric pressure on organisms
- Show interest in pressure as an ecological factor

- Discuss meaning of atmospheric pressure
- Explain how pressure changes with altitude
- Analyze effects on organisms

How does atmospheric pressure affect organisms?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 124)
- Digital resources
- Barometer if available
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 125)
- Cobalt(II) chloride paper
- Forceps
- Stopwatch

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Group discussions

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - Wind effects

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define wind and explain how it is measured
- Describe effects of wind on organisms
- Show interest in wind as an ecological factor

- Discuss meaning of wind and wind parameters
- Explain effects of wind on plants and animals
- Construct simple wind measuring instruments

How does wind affect living organisms?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 126)
- Digital resources
- Materials for windsock/wind vane

- Practical skills - Written assessment - Group work

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - pH and salinity
The interdependence of life - Energy flow

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define pH and salinity
- Measure pH of soil and water samples
- Explain effects of pH and salinity on organisms

- Test pH of water samples
- Test pH of soil samples
- Discuss effects on organisms

How do pH and salinity affect living organisms?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 127)
- Universal indicator paper
- Soil and water samples
- Test tubes
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 128)
- Digital resources
- Charts on energy flow

- Practical skills - Written assessment - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - Food chains
The interdependence of life - Food webs

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define food chain
- Construct simple food chains
- Show interest in feeding relationships

- Observe feeding habits of organisms
- Record what each organism feeds on
- Construct food chains based on observations

What is a food chain?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 129)
- Digital resources
- Charts on food chains
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 130)
- Charts on food webs

- Written assessment - Food chain construction - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - National Parks ecosystem

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify organisms in Kenyan National Parks
- Describe interrelationships in National Parks
- Appreciate biodiversity conservation

- Select a National Park for study
- Research organisms found in the park
- Construct food webs based on park organisms

What interrelationships exist in Kenyan National Parks?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 131)
- Digital resources
- Reference books on National Parks

- Project work - Written assessment - Group presentations

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - Decomposers
The interdependence of life - Human activities

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the role of decomposers in ecosystems
- Explain nutrient cycling
- Appreciate the importance of decomposers

- Visit a compost site to observe decomposition
- Discuss the role of decomposers in nutrient cycling
- Analyze nitrogen, carbon and sulphur cycles

What role do decomposers play in an ecosystem?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 132)
- Digital resources
- School compost site
- Hand lens
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 133)
- Reference books

- Written assessment - Practical skills - Group discussions

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Types of curved mirrors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify different types of curved mirrors
- Describe curved mirror surfaces
- Show interest in curved mirrors

- Observe different reflector surfaces
- Discuss the description of concave, convex and parabolic reflectors
- Compare the surfaces of different curved mirrors

How are curved mirrors used in day-to-day life?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 147
- Car driving mirrors
- Car headlight reflectors
- Laboratory curved mirrors
- Digital content on curved mirrors

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Types of curved mirrors
Curved mirrors - Images formed by concave and convex mirrors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Distinguish between concave and convex mirrors
- Compare parabolic reflectors with other curved mirrors
- Show interest in different types of reflectors

- Examine the curving of different mirrors
- Identify the reflecting surfaces of different mirrors
- Draw diagrams to illustrate different curved mirror surfaces

How do different curved mirrors differ in structure?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 147
- Laboratory curved mirrors
- Digital resources
- Drawing materials
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 148
- Internet resources
- Digital devices
- Geometrical sets
- Curved mirrors

- Observation - Drawing assessment - Oral questions

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Images formed by concave and convex mirrors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the pole of a mirror
- Explain the center of curvature and radius of curvature
- Show interest in features of curved mirrors

- Locate the pole, center of curvature, and radius on diagrams
- Draw and label the parts of curved mirrors
- Discuss the significance of each feature

How do the parts of curved mirrors relate to image formation?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 149
- Diagrams of curved mirrors
- Geometrical sets
- Drawing materials
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 150

- Observation - Drawing assessment - Oral questions

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Focal length

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define focal length of curved mirrors
- Determine focal length experimentally
- Show interest in measuring optical parameters

- Define focal length
- Set up an experiment to determine focal length
- Measure and record focal length values

How can we determine the focal length of a curved mirror?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 152
- Concave mirrors
- Meter rule
- White screen
- Mirror holder

- Observation - Practical skills assessment - Written reports

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Position of image formed by concave mirrors
Curved mirrors - Position of image formed by convex mirrors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Locate images formed by concave mirrors experimentally
- Describe image characteristics for different object positions
- Show interest in image formation

- Set up apparatus to locate images formed by concave mirrors
- Place objects at different positions relative to the mirror
- Record image characteristics for each position

How do image characteristics change with object position?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 153
- Concave mirrors
- Mirror holders
- Meter rules
- Screens
- Candles
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 154
- Convex mirrors
- Objects

- Observation - Practical skills assessment - Written reports

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Rays commonly used for ray diagram construction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify rays used in ray diagram construction
- Explain how different rays are reflected
- Show interest in ray diagram construction

- Search the Internet for information on ray behavior
- Sketch ray diagrams showing reflection of different rays
- Discuss with peers and display sketches

Which rays are most useful for locating images in ray diagrams?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 155
- Internet resources
- Digital devices
- Manila paper
- Drawing materials

- Observation - Drawing assessment - Oral questions

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Rays commonly used for ray diagram construction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how rays parallel to the principal axis are reflected
- Describe the reflection of rays passing through focal points
- Show interest in ray behavior

- Draw ray diagrams showing reflection patterns
- Discuss how different rays behave after reflection
- Create summary charts of ray behavior

How does understanding ray behavior help in locating images?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 156
- Drawing materials
- Manila paper
- Ruler and protractor
- Reference materials
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 157

- Observation - Drawing assessment - Oral questions

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Rays commonly used for ray diagram construction
Curved mirrors - Uses of concave mirrors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Construct ray diagrams for convex mirrors
- Locate images using ray diagrams
- Compare ray diagrams for concave and convex mirrors

- Draw ray diagrams for convex mirrors
- Use ray diagrams to locate images
- Compare with concave mirror ray diagrams

How do ray diagrams for convex mirrors differ from those for concave mirrors?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 159
- Manila paper
- Drawing materials
- Ruler and protractor
- Reference materials
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 161
- Digital devices
- Internet connectivity
- Charts of ray diagrams

- Observation - Drawing assessment - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Uses of concave mirrors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the use of concave mirrors in reflectors
- Explain the principle behind solar heating
- Show interest in energy applications

- Discuss the use of concave mirrors in headlights and torches
- Explain how concave mirrors concentrate solar energy
- Research applications in solar cooking and heating

How are concave mirrors used in energy applications?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 161
- Digital resources
- Internet connectivity
- Torch with reflector

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Uses of concave mirrors
Curved mirrors - Uses of convex mirrors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the use of concave mirrors in astronomy
- Describe applications in dental examination
- Show interest in specialized applications

- Discuss the principle of reflection telescopes
- Explain how dental mirrors provide magnified images
- Research other specialized applications

How do concave mirrors contribute to professional fields?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 162
- Digital resources
- Internet connectivity
- Reference materials
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 163

- Observation - Oral presentations - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Uses of convex mirrors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the use of convex mirrors as driving mirrors
- Describe applications of parabolic reflectors
- Show interest in real-world applications

- Discuss why convex mirrors are used as side mirrors
- Explain advantages of wider field of view
- Research applications of parabolic reflectors

How do curved mirrors enhance transportation safety?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 164
- Digital resources
- Internet connectivity
- Reference materials

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Review and assessment
Waves - Generation of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Summarize key concepts about curved mirrors
- Apply knowledge to solve problems
- Show confidence in understanding curved mirrors

- Review main concepts in curved mirrors
- Answer revision questions
- Discuss solutions to problems

How does understanding curved mirrors help us in daily life?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 166
- Previous notes
- Assessment questions
- Reference materials
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 170
- Water in a basin
- Drum
- Speaker connected to radio
- Small stones

- Written test - Observation - Oral questions

Force and Energy

Waves - Classification of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Generate longitudinal waves
- Describe characteristics of longitudinal waves
- Show interest in wave classification

- Use a slinky spring to generate longitudinal waves
- Observe particle displacement direction
- Compare with wave travel direction

What distinguishes longitudinal waves from other wave types?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 172
- Slinky spring
- Rope
- Smooth surface
- Rigid support
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 173

- Observation - Practical skills assessment - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Waves - Characteristics of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify parts of a wave
- Measure the amplitude of a wave
- Show interest in wave properties

- Generate waves with a slinky spring
- Identify and measure amplitude
- Draw wave patterns

What are the key components that define a wave?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 175
- Slinky spring
- Meter rule
- Chalk
- Drawing materials

- Observation - Measurement skills assessment - Written assignments