CHEMICAL FAMILIES

Halogens. Physical properties of halogens.
Comparative physical properties of halogens.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify halogens in the periodic table.
Give examples of halogens.
Identify physical states of halogens.

Teacher demonstration: - To examine electrical properties of iodine, solubility in water of chlorine.

Iodine crystals, electrical wire, a bulb.
text book

KLB BK II
P. 47

CHEMICAL FAMILIES

Chemical properties of halogens.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe laboratory preparation of chlorine gas.

To describe reaction of halogens with metals.

Teacher demonstration: - preparation of chlorine gas.
Reaction of chlorine and iron wool.
Reaction of bromine and iron wool.
Reaction of iodine and iron wool.
Observe the rate of these reactions; hence deduce order of their reactivity of halogens.

Chlorine, iron wool, bromine.

K.L.B. BOOK IIPP. 48-50

CHEMICAL FAMILIES

Equations of reaction of halogens with metals.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To write balanced chemical equations of reactions involving halogens.

Re-write word equations as chemical equations then balance them.
Supervised practice.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK II P. 50

CHEMICAL FAMILIES

Equations of reaction of halogens with metals.
Reaction of halogens with water.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To write balanced chemical equations of reactions involving halogens.
To describe reaction of halogens with water and the results obtained.

Re-write word equations as chemical equations then balance them.
Supervised practice.
Bubbling chlorine gas through water.
Carry out litmus test for the water.
Explain the observations.

text book
Chlorine gas, litmus papers.

K.L.B. BOOK II P. 50
K.L.B. BOOK II P. 51

CHEMICAL FAMILIES

Some uses of halogens and their compounds.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state uses of halogens and their compounds.

Teacher elucidates uses of halogens and their compounds.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK II pp 52

CHEMICAL FAMILIES

Some uses of halogens and their compounds.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state uses of halogens and their compounds.

Teacher elucidates uses of halogens and their compounds.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK II pp 52

CHEMICAL FAMILIES

Noble Gases. Comparative physical properties of noble gases.
Uses of noble gases.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe physical properties of noble gases.
To explain physical properties of noble gases.

Make A comparative analysis of tabulated physical properties of noble gases.

text book

  K.L.B. BOOK IIPP. 52-53

STRUCTURE & BONDING

Chemical bonds. Ionic bond.
Ionic bond representation.
Grant ionic structures.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe role of valence electrons in determining chemical bonding.


Explain formation of ionic bonding.
Describe the crystalline ionic compound.
Give examples of ionic substances.

Q/A: Review valence electrons of atoms of elements in groups I, II, III, VII and VIII.
Q/A: Review group I and group VII elements.
Discuss formation of ionic bond.

Discuss the group ionic structures of NaCl.
Teacher gives examples of other ionic substances: KNO3, potassium bromide, Ca (NO3)2, sodium iodide.

text book
Chart- dot and cross diagrams.
Models for bonding.
Giant sodium chloride model.

K.L.B. BOOK IIP54




PP 57-58
K.L.B. BOOK II PP 56-58

STRUCTURE & BONDING

Physical properties of ionic compounds.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe physical properties of ionic compounds.
Explain the differences in the physical properties of ionic compounds.

Analyse tabulated comparative physical properties of ionic compounds.

Teacher asks probing questions.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK IIPP 58-59

STRUCTURE & BONDING

Covalent bond.
Co-ordinate bond.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain the formation of covalent bond
Use dot and cross diagrams to represent covalent bond.

Exposition: Shared pair of electrons in a hydrogen molecule, H2O, NH3, Cl2, and CO2.
Drawing of dot-and-cross diagrams of covalent bonds.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK II PP 60-63

STRUCTURE & BONDING

Molecular structure.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the molecular structure.
To give examples of substance exhibiting molecular structure

Discussion ? To explain formation of the giant structure and give examples of substance exhibiting molecular structure.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK IIP 65

STRUCTURE & BONDING

Trend in physical properties of molecular structures.
Giant atomic structure in diamond.
Giant atomic structure in graphite.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe van- der -waals forces.
To explain the trend in physical properties of molecular structures.
To describe giant atomic structure in graphite.
To state uses of graphite.

Discuss comparative physical properties of substances. exhibiting molecular structure.
Explain variation in the physical properties.
Diagrammatic representation of graphite.

Discuss uses of graphite.

Sugar, naphthalene, iodine rhombic sulphur.
Diagrams in textbooks.

K.L.B. BOOK IIP 65
K.L.B. BOOK II pp 69

STRUCTURE & BONDING

Metallic bond. Uses of some metals.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe mutual electronic forces between electrons and nuclei.
To describe metallic bond.
To compare physical properties of metals.
To state uses of some metals.

Discussion:
Detailed analysis of comparative physical properties of metals and their uses.



Probing questions & brief explanations.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK IIP 70

PROPERTIES AND TRENDS ACROSS PERIOD THREE

Physical properties of elements in periods.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:




To compare electrical conductivity of elements in period 3

Group experiments- Construct electrical circuits incorporating a magnesium ribbon, then aluminum foil, then sulphur in turns.
The brightness of the bulb is noted in each case.
Discuss the observations in terms of delocalised electrons.

The periodic table.

K.L.B. BOOK IIP. 76

PROPERTIES AND TRENDS ACROSS PERIOD THREE

Physical properties of elements in period 3.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To compare other physical properties of elements across period 3.

Analyse comparative physical properties presented in form of a table.
Explain the trend in the physical properties given.

The periodic table.

K.L.B. BOOK II P. 77

PROPERTIES AND TRENDS ACROSS PERIOD THREE

Chemical properties of elements in period 3.
Chemical properties of elements in the third period.
Oxides of period 3 elements.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To compare reactions of elements in period 3 with oxygen.
To compare reactions of elements in period 3 with water

Q/A: Products of reactions of Na, Mg, Al, P, & S with oxygen.
Discuss the trend in their reactivity; identify basic and acidic oxides.
Exercise ? balanced chemical equations for the above reactions.

Q/A: Review reaction of sodium, Mg, chlorine, with water.
Infer that sodium is most reactive metal; non-metals do not react with water.

The periodic table.

K.L.B. BOOK II PP. 79-80
K.L.B. BOOK II PP. 80-81

PROPERTIES AND TRENDS ACROSS PERIOD THREE

Chlorides of period 3 elements.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain chemical behavior of their chlorides.
To describe hydrolysis reaction.

Comparative analysis, discussion and explanation.

The periodic table.

K.L.B. BOOK II PP. 77-78

SALTS

Types of salts.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define a salt.
Describe various types of salts and give several examples in each case.

Descriptive approach. Teacher exposes new concepts.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK II P. 91

SALTS

Solubility of salts in water.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To test solubility of various salts in cold water/warm water.

Class experiments- Dissolve salts in 5 cc of water.
Record the solubility in a table,
Analyse the results.

Sulphates, chlorides, nitrates, carbonates of various metals.

K.L.B. BOOK II PP. 92-93

SALTS

Solubility of bases in water.
Methods of preparing various salts.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To test solubility of various bases in water.
To carry out litmus test on the resulting solutions.
To describe various methods of preparing some salts.

Class experiments- Dissolve salts in 5cc of water.
Record the solubility in a table,
Carry out litmus tests.
Discuss the results.


Experimental and descriptive treatments of preparation of salts e.g. ZnSO4, CuSO4, NaCl and Pb(NO3)2.

Oxides, hydroxides, of various metals, litmus papers.
CuO, H2SO4, HCl, NaOH, PbCO3, dil HNO3.

K.L.B. BOOK IIPP. 94-95
K.L.B. BOOK II pp96

SALTS

Direct synthesis of a salts.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe direct synthesis of a salt.
To write balanced equations for the reactions.

Group experiments- preparation of iron (II) sulphide by direct synthesis.
Give other examples of salts prepared by direct synthesis.
Students write down corresponding balanced equations.

Iron,
Sulphur

K.L.B. BOOK II P. 104

SALTS

Direct synthesis of a salts.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe direct synthesis of a salt.
To write balanced equations for the reactions.

Group experiments- preparation of iron (II) sulphide by direct synthesis.
Give other examples of salts prepared by direct synthesis.
Students write down corresponding balanced equations.

Iron,
Sulphur

K.L.B. BOOK II P. 104

SALTS

Ionic equations.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify spectator ions in double decomposition reactions.
To write ionic equations correctly.

Q/A: Ions present in given reactants.
Deduce the products of double decomposition reactions.
Give examples of equations.
Supervised practice.

PbNO3, MgSO4 solutions.

K.L.B. BOOK II

SALTS

Effects of heat on carbonates.
Effects of heat on nitrates.
Effects of heat on sulphates.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state effects of heat on carbonates.
To predict products resulting from heating metal carbonates.
To state effects of heat on sulphates.
To predict products results from heating metal sulphates.

Group experiments- To investigate effects of heat on Na2CO3, K2CO3, CaCO3, ZnCO3, PbCO3, e.t.c.
Observe various colour changes before, during and after heating.
Write equations for the reactions.

Group experiments- To investigate effects of heat on various sulphates.
Observe various colour changes before, during and after heating.
Write equations for the reactions.

Various carbonates.
Common metal nitrates.
Common sulphates.

K.L.B. BOOK II PP. 108-109
K.L.B. BOOK II P. 113

SALTS

Hygroscopy, Deliquescence and Efflorescence.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define hygroscopic deliquescent and efflorescent salts.
To give examples of hygroscopic deliquescent and efflorescent salts.

Prepare a sample of various salts.
Expose them to the atmosphere overnight.
Students classify the salts as hygroscopic, deliquescent and / or efflorescent.

K.L.B. BOOK II P. 114

SALTS
EFFECTS OF AN ELECTRIC CURRENT ON SUBSTANCES.

Uses of salts.
Electrical conductivity.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state uses of salts

Teacher elucidates uses of salts.

Various solids, bulb, battery, & wires.

K.L.B. BOOK II P. 114

EFFECTS OF AN ELECTRIC CURRENT ON SUBSTANCES.

Molten electrolytes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To test for electrical conductivities molten electrolytes.

Group experiments- to identify electrolytes in molten form.
Explain the difference in molten electrolytes.

Molten candle wax
Sugar
Sulphur
Lead oxide.

K.L.B. BOOK IIPP. 120-121

EFFECTS OF AN ELECTRIC CURRENT ON SUBSTANCES.

Electrolysis.
Aqueous electrolytes. Electrodes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define electrolysis
To describe the process of electrolysis in terms of charge movement.
To define an electrolyte
To test for electrical conductivities of electrodes.

Descriptive approach punctuated with Q/A.
To investigate chemical effect of an electric current.
Classify the solutions as electrolyte or non -electrolytes.
Discuss the electrical properties of the solutions.

Graphite electrodes
Battery
Various aqueous solutions switch bulb.

K.L.B. BOOK II
K.L.B. BOOK II PP.122-123

EFFECTS OF AN ELECTRIC CURRENT ON SUBSTANCES.

Reaction on electrodes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe half- equation reactions at the cathode and anode

To demonstrate ?Electrolysis of molten lead (II) bromide
Observe colour changes
Explanation of half-equations and reactions at the electrodes.

Graphite electrodes
Battery
Various aqueous solutions switch.

K.L.B. BOOK II PP.126-127

EFFECTS OF AN ELECTRIC CURRENT ON SUBSTANCES.

Binary electrolyte.
Application of electrolysis.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define a binary electrolyte.
To state the products of a binary electrolyte.

Completing a table of electrolysis of binary electrolytes.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK II P.127

EFFECTS OF AN ELECTRIC CURRENT ON SUBSTANCES.

Electroplating.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe electroplating process.

Experiment- Left overnight.
Electroplating an iron nail with silver nitrate/ copper sulphate.
Brief discussion.

Silver nitrate
Iron nail
Complete circuit battery.

K.L.B. BOOK II PP. 129-30

CARBON AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.

Allotropy.
Physical and chemical properties of diamond, graphite and amorphous carbon
Burning carbon and oxygen.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define allotropes and allotropy.
Identify allotropes of carbon.
Represent diamond and graphite diagrammatically.

Describe physical and chemical properties of diamond, graphite and amorphous carbon.
State uses of carbon allotropes.

Teacher exposes new terms.
Review covalent bond.
Discuss boding in diamond and graphite.

Discuss physical and chemical properties of diamond, graphite and amorphous carbon.
Explain the Physical and chemical properties of diamond, graphite and amorphous carbon.
Discuss uses of carbon allotropes.

text book
Charcoal, graphite.
Carbon, limewater, tube, limewater stand& Bunsen burner.

K.L.B. BOOK II PP. 131-133
K.L.B. BOOK II pp 134

CARBON AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.

Reduction properties of carbon.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe reduction properties of carbon.
Show reduction properties of carbon.

Teacher demonstration ? Burn strongly a mixture of carbon and CuO on a bottle top.
Observe colour changes and give underlying explanation

CuO, pounded charcoal, Bunsen burner& bottle top

K.L.B. BOOK II P.126

CARBON AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.

Reaction of carbon with acids. Preparation of CO2.
Properties of CO2.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe reaction of carbon with acids.




Prepare CO2 in the lab.

Teacher demonstration- reaction of carbon with hot conc HNO3.
Write balanced equations for the reaction.

Review effects of heat on carbonates.
Group experiments/teacher demonstration- preparation of CO2.

Conc. HNO3, limewater.
Lime water,
Magnesium ribbon,
Universal indicator,
lit candle.

K.L.B. BOOK II P.126

CARBON AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.

Chemical equations for reactions involving CO2.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Write balanced CO2.

Give examples of reactions. Write corresponding balanced chemical equations.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK II PP.139-140

CARBON AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.

Chemical equations for reactions involving CO2.
Uses of CO2.
Carbon monoxide lab preparation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Write balanced CO2.
State uses of CO2

Give examples of reactions. Write corresponding balanced chemical equations.
Discuss briefly the uses of CO2.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK II PP.139-140
K.L.B. BOOK II PP.140-1

CARBON AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.

Chemical properties of carbon monoxide.
Carbonates and hydrogen carbonates.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe chemical properties of carbon monoxide.

Description of properties of carbon monoxide.
Discussion and writing of chemical equations.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK II PP. 144-145

CARBON AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.

Heating carbonates and hydrogen carbonates.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To write equations for reaction of carbonates and hydrogen carbonates on heating.

Discuss the above observations.
Write corresponding balanced equations.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK II PP.150-151

CARBON AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.

Extraction of sodium carbonate from trona.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw schematic diagram for extraction of sodium carbonates.

Discuss each step of the process.
Write relevant equations.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK II PP. 153-157

CARBON AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.

Solvay process of preparing sodium carbonate.
Importance of carbon in nature. & its effects on the environment.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw schematic diagram for extraction of sodium carbonates.
To discuss: - Importance of carbon in nature.
&
Effects of carbon on the environment.

Discuss each step of the process.

Write relevant equations.
Discuss the carbon cycle and processes that increase/ reduce amount of CO2 in the air.
Uses of CO2 in soft drinks and fire extinguishers.

text book, chart

K.L.B. BOOK II
K.L.B. BOOK II PP.157-158