Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Structure of the atom - Protons, electrons and neutrons

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define the term atom
- Describe the structure of an atom
- Show interest in learning about atoms

- Identify the subatomic particles in an atom
- Explain the location and electrical charges of subatomic particles
- Show interest in the study of atoms

- Discuss the meaning of an atom and illustrate its structure
- Search the Internet or use reference books to get information about the atom
- Draw the structure of an atom
- Discuss the composition of an atom
- Locate the components within the atom
- Discuss the electrical charges of protons, electrons and neutrons

How is the structure of the atom important?
How small are atoms and are they divisible?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 1
- Digital resources
- Internet access and reference books
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 1
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Charts showing atomic structure

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments
- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Structure of the atom - Protons, electrons and neutrons

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify the subatomic particles in an atom
- Explain the location and electrical charges of subatomic particles
- Show interest in the study of atoms

- Discuss the composition of an atom
- Locate the components within the atom
- Discuss the electrical charges of protons, electrons and neutrons

How small are atoms and are they divisible?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 1
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Charts showing atomic structure

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Structure of the atom - Atomic number and mass number

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define the terms atomic number and mass number
- Illustrate atomic number and mass number using chemical symbols
- Calculate the mass number of elements

- Search the Internet or use reference books to find out about atomic number and mass number
- Discuss how to illustrate atomic number and mass number
- Calculate and record the mass numbers of elements

What is the relationship between atomic number and identity of an element?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 2
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Periodic table

- Written assignments - Observation - Oral questions

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Structure of the atom - Atomic number and mass number

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Determine the mass number of elements
- Work out the number of neutrons in various elements
- Appreciate the relationship between atomic number and mass number

- Work collaboratively to determine mass numbers
- Complete a table showing atomic numbers, number of neutrons and mass numbers
- Discuss the relationship between atomic number and mass number

How is the mass number of an element calculated?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 3
- Periodic table
- Internet access
- Reference books

- Observation - Oral questions - Written questions

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Structure of the atom - Electron arrangement

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of electron arrangement
- State the rules of electron arrangement
- Write electron arrangements of elements

- Search for information about electron arrangement
- Discuss energy levels and their electron capacities
- Practice writing electron arrangements

How are electrons arranged in an atom?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 5
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Periodic table

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Structure of the atom - Electron arrangement

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Write electron arrangements for the first 20 elements
- Show the distribution of electrons in energy levels
- Appreciate the pattern in electron arrangements

- Write electron arrangements for the first 20 elements
- Organize the elements according to their electron arrangements
- Identify patterns in electron arrangements

What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy each energy level?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 5
- Periodic table
- Reference books
- Internet access

- Written assignments - Observation - Assessment rubrics

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Structure of the atom - Energy level diagrams

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Illustrate electron arrangements using diagrams
- Draw dot or cross diagrams for elements
- Show interest in electron arrangement diagrams

- Search for information on how to illustrate electron arrangements
- Draw dot or cross diagrams for different elements
- Compare diagrams with peers

How can electron arrangements be illustrated using diagrams?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 7
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Manila paper and felt pens

- Observation - Peer assessment - Drawing skills assessment

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Structure of the atom - Energy level diagrams

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Draw electron dot or cross diagrams for various elements
- Label the energy levels correctly
- Appreciate the importance of energy level diagrams

- Draw dot or cross diagrams for elements
- Compare diagrams with charts
- Display completed diagrams for assessment

What information can be derived from energy level diagrams?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 7
- Charts
- Manila paper
- Colored pencils

- Observation - Portfolio assessment - Peer evaluation

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Structure of the atom - Metals and non-metals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Use electron arrangement to classify elements
- Identify metals and non-metals based on electron arrangement
- Appreciate the relationship between electron arrangement and element classification

- Search for information on metals and non-metals
- Classify the first 20 elements as metals or non-metals
- Complete a table showing classification of elements

How can electron arrangement be used to classify elements?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 8
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Periodic table

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Structure of the atom - Metals and non-metals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify the features of metals based on electron arrangement
- Identify the features of non-metals based on electron arrangement
- Distinguish metals from non-metals

- Study electron arrangements of metals and non-metals
- Identify the pattern in electron arrangements
- Draw conclusions on classification

What makes an element a metal or a non-metal?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 8
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Periodic table

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Structure of the atom - Model the atomic structure

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify locally available materials for modeling atoms
- Plan how to model the atomic structure
- Show interest in modeling atoms

- Brainstorm and visualize atomic models
- Identify materials needed for modeling
- Discuss and refine steps for construction

How can we model the structure of selected elements?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 9
- Locally available materials
- Reference books
- Internet access

- Observation - Oral questions - Peer assessment

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Structure of the atom - Model the atomic structure

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Model the atomic structure of selected elements
- Label different parts of the atomic models
- Show creativity in modeling atomic structures

- Construct models of atomic structures
- Label different parts of the models
- Present models to class for assessment

What materials can be used to create effective atomic models?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 9
- Locally available materials
- Glue, scissors, colored papers
- Markers and labels

- Observation - Project assessment - Peer evaluation

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Structure of the atom - Review and assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Summarize key concepts about atomic structure
- Attempt questions on structure of atoms
- Show confidence in understanding atomic structure

- Review key concepts of atomic structure
- Answer revision questions
- Discuss solutions to problems

How does understanding the structure of atoms help explain the properties of elements?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 10
- Previous notes
- Assessment questions
- Reference books

- Written test - Observation - Oral questions

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Metals and Alloys - Physical properties of metals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify metals and non-metals in the environment
- List characteristics used to identify metals
- Show interest in identifying metals and non-metals

- Walk around the school compound to identify metallic and non-metallic substances
- Discuss reasons for identification
- Compare findings with other groups

How would you identify metallic and non-metallic substances in your environment?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 12
- Various metallic and non-metallic objects
- Writing materials

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Metals and Alloys - Physical properties of metals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate the melting points of metals
- Describe the physical state of metals at room temperature
- Appreciate the relationship between melting point and room temperature

- Search for information on melting points of metals
- Complete a table of melting points and physical states
- Discuss the relationship between melting point and physical state

What is the general state of metals at room temperature?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 12
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Charts showing melting points

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Metals and Alloys - Physical properties of metals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate the melting points of metals
- Describe the physical state of metals at room temperature
- Appreciate the relationship between melting point and room temperature

- Search for information on melting points of metals
- Complete a table of melting points and physical states
- Discuss the relationship between melting point and physical state

What is the general state of metals at room temperature?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 12
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Charts showing melting points

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Metals and Alloys - Physical properties of metals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate electrical conductivity of metals
- Explain why metals conduct electricity
- Show interest in investigating properties of metals

- Demonstrate thermal conductivity of metals
- Compare thermal conductivity of different metals
- Appreciate the importance of thermal conductivity

- Set up an electric circuit
- Test conductivity of various metals
- Record and discuss observations
- Set up apparatus to test thermal conductivity
- Heat metal rods and observe effects
- Compare conductivity of different metals

Why are metals good conductors of electricity?
What makes metals good thermal conductors?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 13
- Dry cells, connecting wires
- Metallic samples
- Bulbs and crocodile clips
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 14
- Metal rods
- Candles, matches
- Heat source
- Clamp and stand

- Observation - Oral questions - Written reports

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Metals and Alloys - Physical properties of metals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate malleability of metals
- Explain how malleability is used in making metal products
- Appreciate the application of malleability

- Place metal samples on iron block
- Strike with hammer and observe changes
- Discuss observations and applications

How is the property of malleability useful in daily life?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 15
- Iron nails, copper wire
- Zinc rod, hammer
- Iron block

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Metals and Alloys - Physical properties of metals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate malleability of metals
- Explain how malleability is used in making metal products
- Appreciate the application of malleability

- Place metal samples on iron block
- Strike with hammer and observe changes
- Discuss observations and applications

How is the property of malleability useful in daily life?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 15
- Iron nails, copper wire
- Zinc rod, hammer
- Iron block

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Metals and Alloys - Physical properties of metals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Discuss the ductility of metals
- Explain the process of drawing metals into wires
- Appreciate the application of ductility

- Search for information on copper wire production
- Discuss the meaning of drawing metal into wire
- Present findings to class

What makes metals ductile?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 16
- Internet access
- Print media
- Wire samples

- Observation - Oral questions - Presentations

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Metals and Alloys - Composition of alloys

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define what an alloy is
- Describe the composition of common alloys
- Show interest in learning about alloys

- Identify items made from different alloys
- Describe the appearance of common alloys
- Appreciate the uses of alloys

- Search for information on alloy production
- Discuss the composition of common alloys
- Present findings in a table
- Examine the appearance of various items
- Search for information on alloy composition
- Complete table showing appearance of items

What are alloys and how are they made?
Why are alloys used instead of pure metals?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 18
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Alloy samples
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 19
- Padlocks, keys, door hinges
- Spoons, kitchen knives
- Water taps, rivets
- Internet access

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Metals and Alloys - Composition of alloys

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify items made from different alloys
- Describe the appearance of common alloys
- Appreciate the uses of alloys

- Examine the appearance of various items
- Search for information on alloy composition
- Complete table showing appearance of items

Why are alloys used instead of pure metals?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 19
- Padlocks, keys, door hinges
- Spoons, kitchen knives
- Water taps, rivets
- Internet access

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Metals and Alloys - Uses of metals and alloys

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify uses of common metals in daily life
- Relate the properties of metals to their uses
- Appreciate the importance of metals

- Search for information on uses of metals
- Compile findings in a table format
- Present findings to class

How are metals used in day-to-day life?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 21
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Metal samples

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Metals and Alloys - Uses of metals and alloys

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify uses of common alloys in daily life
- Relate the properties of alloys to their uses
- Appreciate the importance of alloys

- Search for information on uses of alloys
- Compile findings in a table format
- Present findings to class

How are alloys important in day-to-day life?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 21
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Alloy samples

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Metals and Alloys - Rusting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain what rusting is
- Discuss the causes of rusting
- Show interest in causes of rusting

- Demonstrate the process of rusting
- Identify conditions necessary for rusting
- Show interest in investigating rusting

- Search for information on rusting
- Discuss causes of rusting
- Write down findings
- Set up apparatus to investigate rusting
- Observe changes over days
- Record and discuss observations

What causes metals to rust?
What conditions are necessary for rusting to occur?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 23
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Rusted metal samples
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 23
- Test tubes, nails
- Water, oil, cotton wool
- Anhydrous calcium chloride

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments
- Observation - Oral questions - Written reports

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Metals and Alloys - Rusting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate the process of rusting
- Identify conditions necessary for rusting
- Show interest in investigating rusting

- Set up apparatus to investigate rusting
- Observe changes over days
- Record and discuss observations

What conditions are necessary for rusting to occur?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 23
- Test tubes, nails
- Water, oil, cotton wool
- Anhydrous calcium chloride

- Observation - Oral questions - Written reports

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Metals and Alloys - Rusting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the effects of rusting
- Discuss the economic impact of rusting
- Appreciate the importance of preventing rusting

- Discuss the effects of rusting
- Examine rusted items
- Calculate the cost of replacing rusted items

What are the effects of rusting?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 24
- Rusted metal samples
- Internet access
- Reference books

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Metals and Alloys - Rusting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Discuss methods of preventing rusting
- Explain how each method works
- Show interest in rust prevention

- Discuss methods of preventing rusting
- Demonstrate some prevention methods
- Present findings to class

How can rusting be prevented?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 25
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Materials for demonstrations

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Metals and Alloys - Review and assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Summarize key concepts about metals and alloys
- Attempt questions on metals and alloys
- Show confidence in understanding metals and alloys

- Review key concepts
- Answer revision questions
- Discuss solutions to problems

Why is knowledge about metals and alloys important?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 26
- Previous notes
- Assessment questions
- Reference books

- Written test - Observation - Oral questions

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Water Hardness - Physical properties of water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the physical properties of water
- Test for the color of different water samples
- Show interest in investigating water properties

- Observe water samples of different colors
- Compare water samples with color chart
- Record observations

What are the physical properties of water?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 27
- Boiling tubes
- Colored solutions
- Test tubes rack
- Color chart

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Water Hardness - Physical properties of water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Test for the odor of water
- Test for the taste of water
- Show interest in investigating water properties

- Smell water samples using correct technique
- Taste water samples (safe samples only)
- Record observations

What makes water tasteless and odorless?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 27
- Water samples
- Beakers
- Test tubes
- Droppers

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Water Hardness - Physical properties of water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Determine the boiling point of water
- Explain why pure water boils at 100°C
- Show interest in investigating water properties

- Set up apparatus to measure boiling point
- Heat water and record temperature
- Determine the boiling point

How does temperature change as water is heated to boiling?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 28
- Beaker, thermometer
- Heat source
- Tripod stand, clamp
- Distilled water

- Observation - Oral questions - Written reports

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Water Hardness - Hard and soft water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Compare lathering abilities of different water samples
- Test water samples with soap
- Classify water as hard or soft

- Test lathering ability of water samples
- Observe formation of lather
- Group water samples based on lathering

How is the lathering ability of water related to hardness?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 29
- Water samples
- Liquid soap
- Test tubes with corks
- Droppers

- Observation - Oral questions - Written reports

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Water Hardness - Hard and soft water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define hard and soft water
- Explain the causes of water hardness
- Show interest in water hardness

- Search for information on hard and soft water
- Discuss causes of water hardness
- Present findings to class

What causes water to be hard?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 29
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Water samples

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Water Hardness - Hard and soft water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Distinguish between temporary and permanent hardness
- Identify the compounds that cause hardness
- Show interest in types of water hardness

- Discuss types of water hardness
- Identify compounds causing hardness
- Present findings to class

What is the difference between temporary and permanent hardness?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 30
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Hard water samples

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Water Hardness - Hard and soft water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Distinguish between temporary and permanent hardness
- Identify the compounds that cause hardness
- Show interest in types of water hardness

- Discuss types of water hardness
- Identify compounds causing hardness
- Present findings to class

What is the difference between temporary and permanent hardness?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 30
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Hard water samples

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Water Hardness - Hard and soft water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Outline advantages of hard water
- Explain applications of hard water
- Appreciate the importance of hard water

- Outline disadvantages of hard water
- Explain problems caused by hard water
- Appreciate the importance of understanding water hardness

- Research advantages of hard water
- Discuss health benefits and applications
- Present findings to class
- Research disadvantages of hard water
- Discuss effects on soap usage and appliances
- Present findings to class

Why is hard water preferred for drinking?
What problems are associated with hard water?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 30
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Charts
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 31
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Scaled kettle elements

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Water Hardness - Methods of softening hard water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe methods of softening hard water
- Explain principles behind different methods
- Show interest in water treatment

- Research methods of softening hard water
- Discuss various softening methods
- Present findings to class

What methods can be used to soften hard water?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 32
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Charts

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Water Hardness - Methods of softening hard water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Soften hard water by boiling
- Test the effectiveness of boiling
- Show interest in water treatment

- Boil samples of hard water
- Test water before and after boiling
- Compare results

How effective is boiling in softening hard water?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 32
- Calcium hydrogen carbonate solution
- Soap solution
- Heat source
- Test tubes

- Observation - Oral questions - Written reports

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Water Hardness - Methods of softening hard water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Soften hard water by boiling
- Test the effectiveness of boiling
- Show interest in water treatment

- Boil samples of hard water
- Test water before and after boiling
- Compare results

How effective is boiling in softening hard water?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 32
- Calcium hydrogen carbonate solution
- Soap solution
- Heat source
- Test tubes

- Observation - Oral questions - Written reports

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Water Hardness - Methods of softening hard water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Soften hard water by adding sodium carbonate
- Test the effectiveness of chemical treatment
- Show interest in water treatment

- Soften hard water by distillation
- Test the effectiveness of distillation
- Show interest in water treatment

- Add sodium carbonate to hard water
- Filter the mixture
- Test water before and after treatment
- Set up distillation apparatus
- Distill hard water samples
- Test water before and after distillation

How effective is sodium carbonate in softening hard water?
How effective is distillation in softening hard water?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 33
- Calcium hydrogen carbonate solution
- Sodium carbonate
- Filter paper and funnel
- Soap solution
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 34
- Round-bottomed flask
- Liebig condenser
- Heat source
- Hard water samples

- Observation - Oral questions - Written reports

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Water Hardness - Methods of softening hard water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Compare different methods of softening water
- Evaluate the effectiveness of each method
- Show interest in water treatment

- Compare results from different softening methods
- Discuss advantages and disadvantages of each method
- Present findings to class

Which method of softening water is most effective?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 35
- Previous experimental results
- Reference books
- Internet access

- Observation - Oral questions - Written reports

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Water Hardness - Methods of softening hard water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Compare different methods of softening water
- Evaluate the effectiveness of each method
- Show interest in water treatment

- Compare results from different softening methods
- Discuss advantages and disadvantages of each method
- Present findings to class

Which method of softening water is most effective?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 35
- Previous experimental results
- Reference books
- Internet access

- Observation - Oral questions - Written reports

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Water Hardness - Review and assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Summarize key concepts about water hardness
- Attempt questions on water hardness
- Show confidence in understanding water hardness

- Review key concepts
- Answer revision questions
- Discuss solutions to problems

Why is understanding water hardness important in daily life?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 36
- Previous notes
- Assessment questions
- Reference books

- Written test - Observation - Oral questions