Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in animals - Modes of nutrition
Nutrition in animals - Dentition in animals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Discuss different modes of nutrition in animals
- Differentiate between heterotrophic modes of nutrition
- Show interest in animal nutrition

- Search for information on modes of nutrition
- Discuss parasitic, saprophytic, symbiotic and holozoic nutrition
- Share findings with the class

How do animals obtain their food?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 80)
- Digital resources
- Charts on animal nutrition
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 81)
- Models of animal teeth
- Charts of teeth

- Written test - Oral questions - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in animals - Types and structure of teeth

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify different types of teeth
- Describe the structure of teeth
- Appreciate the relationship between structure and function in teeth

- Examine models or specimens of different teeth types
- Draw and label external and internal structure of teeth
- Discuss functions of different teeth parts

How are teeth adapted to their functions?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 82)
- Models of teeth
- Digital resources
- Charts of teeth

- Drawings - Written assessment - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in animals - Functions of different teeth
Nutrition in animals - Classification based on dentition

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe functions of different types of teeth
- Relate teeth structure to their functions
- Show interest in adaptations of teeth

- Discuss functions of teeth using specimens or models
- Identify adaptations of teeth to their functions
- Share findings with peers

How do the different types of teeth function during feeding?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 83)
- Models of teeth
- Digital resources
- Charts
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 84)
- Specimens or models of animal jaws

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in animals - Herbivores, carnivores, omnivores

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify dentition of herbivores, carnivores and omnivores
- Explain adaptations of teeth to different feeding habits
- Show interest in relationship between dentition and diet

- Study jaws of herbivores, carnivores and omnivores
- Identify adaptations of teeth to feeding habits
- Discuss dental formula of different animal groups

How does dentition reflect the feeding habits of animals?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 85)
- Models or specimens of animal jaws
- Digital resources
- Charts

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Practical skills

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in animals - Digestive system in humans
Nutrition in animals - Process of digestion

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify parts of the human digestive system
- Draw and label the digestive system
- Appreciate the organization of the digestive system

- Study charts on human digestive system
- Identify parts of the digestive system
- Draw and label the system

What are the main parts of the human digestive system?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 86)
- Charts of digestive system
- Models
- Digital resources
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 87)
- Charts of digestive process

- Drawings - Written assessment - Oral questions

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in animals - Absorption and assimilation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the process of absorption in the ileum
- Explain the process of assimilation of nutrients
- Appreciate the efficiency of the digestive system

- Discuss adaptations of the ileum to absorption
- Draw and label the structure of a villus
- Discuss fate of absorbed food substances

How are digested food substances absorbed and utilized?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 88)
- Charts of villi structure
- Digital resources

- Written assessment - Drawings - Oral questions

Living Things and Their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Functions of parts of a flower
Reproduction in plants - Pollination

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify parts of a flower
- Describe functions of flower parts
- Show interest in flower structure

- Collect and examine suitable flowers
- Identify calyx, corolla, pistil, stamen
- Discuss functions of each part

What are the different parts of a flower and their functions?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 86)
- Fresh flowers
- Hand lens
- Charts of flower structure
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 87)
- Digital resources
- Charts on pollination

- Practical skills - Drawings - Written assessment

Living Things and Their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Adaptations to insect pollination

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify features of insect-pollinated flowers
- Explain adaptations of flowers to insect pollination
- Show interest in flower adaptations

- Examine an insect-pollinated flower
- Record color, scent, size of flower
- Discuss adaptations to insect pollination

How are flowers adapted to insect pollination?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 88)
- Insect-pollinated flowers
- Hand lens
- Charts

- Practical skills - Written assessment - Oral questions

Living Things and Their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Adaptations to wind pollination
Reproduction in plants - Field observation of pollination

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify features of wind-pollinated flowers
- Explain adaptations of flowers to wind pollination
- Compare wind and insect pollination

- Examine a wind-pollinated flower
- Record structural features
- Discuss adaptations to wind pollination

How are flowers adapted to wind pollination?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 94)
- Wind-pollinated flowers (grass/maize)
- Hand lens
- Charts
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 95)
- Flowers in school compound
- Camera/smartphone

- Practical skills - Written assessment - Oral questions

Living Things and Their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Fertilization in flowering plants

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe structures containing male and female gametes
- Explain the process of fertilization in flowering plants
- Appreciate sexual reproduction in plants

- Search for information on fertilization in plants
- Study diagrams of pollen grains and embryo sacs
- Discuss pollen tube growth and fertilization

How does fertilization occur in flowering plants?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 96)
- Digital resources
- Charts on plant fertilization

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Drawings

Living Things and Their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Double fertilization
Reproduction in plants - Fruit formation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the process of double fertilization
- Describe formation of zygote and endosperm
- Appreciate the uniqueness of flowering plant reproduction

- Search for animations on double fertilization
- Discuss the fusion of nuclei in the embryo sac
- Make a model of double fertilization

What happens during double fertilization?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 97)
- Digital resources
- Charts on double fertilization
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 98)
- Various fruits
- Charts

- Model making - Written assessment - Oral questions

Living Things and Their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Types of fruits

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Classify fruits based on structure
- Differentiate between succulent and dry fruits
- Show interest in fruit diversity

- Collect various fruits and seeds
- Group fruits into dry and succulent types
- Observe internal features of different fruits

How are fruits classified?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 99)
- Various fruits
- Knife/scalpel
- Specimen dishes

- Practical skills - Written assessment - Classification charts

Living Things and Their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Fruit and seed dispersal
Reproduction in plants - Animals as dispersal agents

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the importance of fruit and seed dispersal
- Describe different methods of dispersal
- Appreciate adaptations for dispersal

- Collect fruits and seeds from different plants
- Observe external features
- Group fruits according to dispersal methods

How are fruits and seeds dispersed?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 102)
- Various fruits and seeds
- Hand lens
- Specimen dishes
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 106)
- Fruits with hooks (black jack)
- Succulent fruits

- Practical skills - Written assessment - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Water as a dispersal agent

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify fruits dispersed by water
- Explain adaptations for water dispersal
- Appreciate plant-environment interactions

- Observe fruits adapted for water dispersal
- Identify buoyancy adaptations
- Discuss features of water-dispersed fruits

How are fruits adapted for dispersal by water?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 107)
- Coconut fruit if available
- Pictures of water-dispersed fruits
- Digital resources

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Wind as a dispersal agent
Reproduction in plants - Self-dispersal mechanism

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify fruits dispersed by wind
- Explain adaptations for wind dispersal
- Show interest in dispersal mechanisms

- Observe fruits adapted for wind dispersal
- Identify wings, hair, feathery structures
- Discuss censor mechanism and other adaptations

How are fruits adapted for dispersal by wind?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 108)
- Wind-dispersed fruits/seeds
- Hand lens
- Digital resources
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 109)
- Pods of legumes
- Castor oil fruits if available

- Practical skills - Written assessment - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Importance of dispersal

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the importance of fruit and seed dispersal
- Describe benefits of dispersal for plant survival
- Appreciate ecological significance of dispersal

- Search for information on importance of dispersal
- Discuss colonization of new areas
- Discuss reduced competition through dispersal

Why is fruit and seed dispersal important?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 110)
- Digital resources
- Reference books

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Group discussions

Living Things and Their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Effect of agrochemicals
Reproduction in plants - Role of flowers in nature

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain effects of agrochemicals on pollinating agents
- Discuss impact on plant reproduction
- Show concern for environmental conservation

- Search for information on agrochemicals
- Discuss categories of agrochemicals
- Analyze effects on pollinators and plant reproduction

How do agrochemicals affect pollination and reproduction in plants?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 111)
- Digital resources
- Charts on agrochemicals
- Reference books

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Group discussions

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - Components of the environment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define ecosystem, ecology and environment
- Identify biotic and abiotic components
- Show interest in interactions in ecosystems

- Study diagrams of ecosystems
- Identify living and non-living components
- Discuss relationships between organisms

What is an ecosystem?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 115)
- Digital resources
- Charts of ecosystems

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - Competition
The interdependence of life - Predation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define intraspecific and interspecific competition
- Explain effects of competition on organisms
- Show interest in competitive interactions

- Search for information on competition in ecosystems
- Discuss effects on number and distribution of organisms
- Analyze examples of competition

How does competition affect organisms in an ecosystem?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 116)
- Digital resources
- Reference books
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 117)
- Videos on predation

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Group discussions

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - Parasitism

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define parasitism, parasite and host
- Explain effects of parasites on hosts
- Show interest in parasite-host relationships

- Search for information on parasitism
- Discuss types of parasites affecting humans and animals
- Analyze effect on distribution of organisms

How do parasites affect their hosts?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 119)
- Digital resources
- Charts on parasitism

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Group discussions

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - Symbiosis
The interdependence of life - Saprophytism

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define symbiosis
- Describe examples of symbiotic relationships
- Appreciate mutual benefits in symbiosis

- Search for information on symbiotic relationships
- Discuss root nodules, lichens, and ox-pecker relationships
- Analyze benefits to each partner

How do organisms benefit from symbiotic relationships?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 120)
- Digital resources
- Charts on symbiosis
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 121)
- Photographs of fungi

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Group discussions

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - Temperature effects

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Measure environmental temperature
- Explain effects of temperature on organisms
- Show interest in abiotic factors

- Suspend thermometer to measure air temperature
- Measure soil and water temperature
- Discuss effects of temperature on organisms

How does temperature affect living organisms?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 122)
- Thermometers
- Water in basin
- Digital resources

- Practical skills - Written assessment - Oral questions

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - Light effects
The interdependence of life - Atmospheric pressure

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how light affects organisms
- Describe importance of light intensity, quality and duration
- Show interest in light as an ecological factor

- Discuss aspects of light affecting organisms
- Explain how light affects plants and animals
- Discuss measurement of light in ecosystems

How does light affect organisms in an ecosystem?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 123)
- Digital resources
- Light meter if available
- Secchi disc
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 124)
- Barometer if available

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Group discussions

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - Humidity effects

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define humidity
- Explain effects of humidity on organisms
- Demonstrate measurement of humidity

- Discuss meaning of humidity
- Measure humidity using cobalt chloride paper
- Analyze effects on plants and animals

How does humidity affect organisms?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 125)
- Cobalt(II) chloride paper
- Forceps
- Stopwatch

- Practical skills - Written assessment - Oral questions

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - Wind effects
The interdependence of life - pH and salinity

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define wind and explain how it is measured
- Describe effects of wind on organisms
- Show interest in wind as an ecological factor

- Discuss meaning of wind and wind parameters
- Explain effects of wind on plants and animals
- Construct simple wind measuring instruments

How does wind affect living organisms?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 126)
- Digital resources
- Materials for windsock/wind vane
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 127)
- Universal indicator paper
- Soil and water samples
- Test tubes

- Practical skills - Written assessment - Group work

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - Energy flow

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain energy flow in ecosystems
- Describe trophic levels
- Appreciate energy transfer in nature

- Discuss energy flow from sun to producers and consumers
- Explain the concept of trophic levels
- Analyze energy loss between trophic levels

How does energy flow through an ecosystem?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 128)
- Digital resources
- Charts on energy flow

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Group discussions

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - Food chains
The interdependence of life - Food webs

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define food chain
- Construct simple food chains
- Show interest in feeding relationships

- Observe feeding habits of organisms
- Record what each organism feeds on
- Construct food chains based on observations

What is a food chain?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 129)
- Digital resources
- Charts on food chains
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 130)
- Charts on food webs

- Written assessment - Food chain construction - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - National Parks ecosystem

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify organisms in Kenyan National Parks
- Describe interrelationships in National Parks
- Appreciate biodiversity conservation

- Select a National Park for study
- Research organisms found in the park
- Construct food webs based on park organisms

What interrelationships exist in Kenyan National Parks?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 131)
- Digital resources
- Reference books on National Parks

- Project work - Written assessment - Group presentations

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - Decomposers
The interdependence of life - Human activities

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the role of decomposers in ecosystems
- Explain nutrient cycling
- Appreciate the importance of decomposers

- Visit a compost site to observe decomposition
- Discuss the role of decomposers in nutrient cycling
- Analyze nitrogen, carbon and sulphur cycles

What role do decomposers play in an ecosystem?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 132)
- Digital resources
- School compost site
- Hand lens
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 133)
- Reference books

- Written assessment - Practical skills - Group discussions

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Types of curved mirrors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify different types of curved mirrors
- Describe curved mirror surfaces
- Show interest in curved mirrors

- Observe different reflector surfaces
- Discuss the description of concave, convex and parabolic reflectors
- Compare the surfaces of different curved mirrors

How are curved mirrors used in day-to-day life?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 147
- Car driving mirrors
- Car headlight reflectors
- Laboratory curved mirrors
- Digital content on curved mirrors

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Types of curved mirrors
Curved mirrors - Images formed by concave and convex mirrors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Distinguish between concave and convex mirrors
- Compare parabolic reflectors with other curved mirrors
- Show interest in different types of reflectors

- Examine the curving of different mirrors
- Identify the reflecting surfaces of different mirrors
- Draw diagrams to illustrate different curved mirror surfaces

How do different curved mirrors differ in structure?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 147
- Laboratory curved mirrors
- Digital resources
- Drawing materials
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 148
- Internet resources
- Digital devices
- Geometrical sets
- Curved mirrors

- Observation - Drawing assessment - Oral questions

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Images formed by concave and convex mirrors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the pole of a mirror
- Explain the center of curvature and radius of curvature
- Show interest in features of curved mirrors

- Locate the pole, center of curvature, and radius on diagrams
- Draw and label the parts of curved mirrors
- Discuss the significance of each feature

How do the parts of curved mirrors relate to image formation?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 149
- Diagrams of curved mirrors
- Geometrical sets
- Drawing materials

- Observation - Drawing assessment - Oral questions

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Images formed by concave and convex mirrors
Curved mirrors - Focal length

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the principal axis of curved mirrors
- Explain the principal focus and focal plane
- Show interest in optical features

- Draw the principal axis for concave and convex mirrors
- Locate the principal focus on mirror diagrams
- Discuss the focal plane and its significance

How does the principal focus relate to image formation?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 150
- Diagrams of curved mirrors
- Geometrical sets
- Drawing materials
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 152
- Concave mirrors
- Meter rule
- White screen
- Mirror holder

- Observation - Drawing assessment - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Position of image formed by concave mirrors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Locate images formed by concave mirrors experimentally
- Describe image characteristics for different object positions
- Show interest in image formation

- Set up apparatus to locate images formed by concave mirrors
- Place objects at different positions relative to the mirror
- Record image characteristics for each position

How do image characteristics change with object position?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 153
- Concave mirrors
- Mirror holders
- Meter rules
- Screens
- Candles

- Observation - Practical skills assessment - Written reports

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Position of image formed by convex mirrors
Curved mirrors - Rays commonly used for ray diagram construction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Locate images formed by convex mirrors
- Describe image characteristics for convex mirrors
- Compare images formed by concave and convex mirrors

- Observe images formed by convex mirrors
- Record image characteristics
- Compare with images formed by concave mirrors

How do images formed by convex mirrors differ from those formed by concave mirrors?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 154
- Convex mirrors
- Mirror holders
- Objects
- Meter rules
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 155
- Internet resources
- Digital devices
- Manila paper
- Drawing materials

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Rays commonly used for ray diagram construction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how rays parallel to the principal axis are reflected
- Describe the reflection of rays passing through focal points
- Show interest in ray behavior

- Draw ray diagrams showing reflection patterns
- Discuss how different rays behave after reflection
- Create summary charts of ray behavior

How does understanding ray behavior help in locating images?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 156
- Drawing materials
- Manila paper
- Ruler and protractor
- Reference materials

- Observation - Drawing assessment - Oral questions

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Rays commonly used for ray diagram construction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Construct ray diagrams for concave mirrors
- Locate images using ray diagrams
- Show interest in graphical representation

- Draw ray diagrams for different object positions
- Use ray diagrams to locate images
- Determine image characteristics from ray diagrams

How can ray diagrams be used to predict image characteristics?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 157
- Manila paper
- Drawing materials
- Ruler and protractor
- Reference materials
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 159

- Observation - Drawing assessment - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Uses of concave mirrors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain applications of concave mirrors
- Relate object positions to specific applications
- Show interest in practical applications

- Search for information on applications of concave mirrors
- Relate applications to image characteristics
- Present findings to class

What makes concave mirrors suitable for specific applications?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 161
- Digital devices
- Internet connectivity
- Charts of ray diagrams

- Observation - Oral presentations - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Uses of concave mirrors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the use of concave mirrors in reflectors
- Explain the principle behind solar heating
- Show interest in energy applications

- Discuss the use of concave mirrors in headlights and torches
- Explain how concave mirrors concentrate solar energy
- Research applications in solar cooking and heating

How are concave mirrors used in energy applications?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 161
- Digital resources
- Internet connectivity
- Torch with reflector
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 162
- Reference materials

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Uses of convex mirrors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain applications of convex mirrors
- Describe security and safety uses
- Show interest in practical applications

- Discuss the use of convex mirrors for surveillance
- Explain their applications in security systems
- Research use at road junctions and corners

How do convex mirrors enhance security and safety?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 163
- Digital resources
- Internet connectivity
- Reference materials

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Uses of convex mirrors
Curved mirrors - Review and assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the use of convex mirrors as driving mirrors
- Describe applications of parabolic reflectors
- Show interest in real-world applications

- Discuss why convex mirrors are used as side mirrors
- Explain advantages of wider field of view
- Research applications of parabolic reflectors

How do curved mirrors enhance transportation safety?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 164
- Digital resources
- Internet connectivity
- Reference materials
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 166
- Previous notes
- Assessment questions

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Waves - Generation of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define waves in scientific terms
- Describe how waves are generated
- Show interest in wave phenomena

- Observe waves created in water
- Generate sound waves using a drum/speaker
- Discuss energy transfer through waves

What are waves and how are they generated?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 170
- Water in a basin
- Drum
- Speaker connected to radio
- Small stones

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Waves - Classification of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Generate longitudinal waves
- Describe characteristics of longitudinal waves
- Show interest in wave classification

- Use a slinky spring to generate longitudinal waves
- Observe particle displacement direction
- Compare with wave travel direction

What distinguishes longitudinal waves from other wave types?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 172
- Slinky spring
- Rope
- Smooth surface
- Rigid support
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 173

- Observation - Practical skills assessment - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Waves - Characteristics of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify parts of a wave
- Measure the amplitude of a wave
- Show interest in wave properties

- Generate waves with a slinky spring
- Identify and measure amplitude
- Draw wave patterns

What are the key components that define a wave?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 175
- Slinky spring
- Meter rule
- Chalk
- Drawing materials

- Observation - Measurement skills assessment - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Waves - Characteristics of waves
Waves - Frequency and periodic time

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define wavelength
- Identify crests and troughs
- Explain wave phase

- Generate waves and identify crests and troughs
- Measure wavelength
- Identify points in phase

How is wavelength measured and what is its significance?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 177
- Slinky spring
- Meter rule
- Chalk
- Drawing materials
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 180
- Stopwatch

- Observation - Measurement skills assessment - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Waves - Frequency and periodic time

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Solve problems involving frequency and periodic time
- Draw displacement-time graphs
- Show interest in wave calculations

- Practice solving problems with frequency and period
- Draw and interpret wave graphs
- Discuss the significance of frequency in real applications

How does frequency affect wave behavior and applications?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 181
- Calculators
- Graph paper
- Reference materials
- Problem sets

- Observation - Problem-solving assessment - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Waves - Speed of a wave

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define wave speed
- Derive the wave equation
- Apply the wave equation to solve problems

- Derive the relationship between wavelength, frequency and wave speed
- Practice using the wave equation
- Solve sample problems

How are wavelength, frequency, and wave speed related?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 183
- Calculators
- Reference materials
- Problem sets
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 184
- Chart paper

- Observation - Problem-solving assessment - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Waves - Properties of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate reflection of waves
- Explain how waves are reflected
- Show interest in wave properties

- Set up a ripple tank to demonstrate wave reflection
- Observe reflection patterns from different surfaces
- Compare with reflection of light

How do waves behave when they encounter boundaries?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 186
- Ripple tank
- Straight edge
- Metal reflectors
- Water

- Observation - Practical skills assessment - Written reports

Force and Energy

Waves - Properties of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate refraction of waves
- Explain how waves are refracted
- Show interest in wave behavior

- Set up a ripple tank with regions of different depths
- Observe changes in wave speed and wavelength
- Discuss the principle of refraction

What happens to waves when they pass from one medium to another?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 187
- Ripple tank
- Glass block
- Water
- Wave generator
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 188
- Metal barriers

- Observation - Practical skills assessment - Written reports

Force and Energy

Waves - Remote sensing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define remote sensing
- Explain the principles of remote sensing
- Show interest in remote sensing applications

- Study photographs of environments
- Discuss the source of energy in photography
- Research remote sensing processes

What is remote sensing and how does it work?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 189
- Digital resources
- Photographs
- Internet connectivity

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Waves - Remote sensing
Waves - Applications of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the components of remote sensing
- Describe the remote sensing process
- Show interest in remote sensing technology

- Discuss sources of waves in remote sensing
- Explain interaction between waves and targets
- Create diagrams of remote sensing processes

What are the requirements for remote sensing to take place?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 190
- Digital resources
- Internet connectivity
- Drawing materials
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 191
- Presentation materials

- Observation - Diagram assessment - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Waves - Applications of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the use of waves in surgery
- Describe applications in cancer therapy
- Show interest in medical treatments

- Research laser surgery applications
- Discuss radiation therapy for cancer
- Create information posters

How have waves revolutionized medical treatments?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 192
- Digital resources
- Internet connectivity
- Poster materials

- Observation - Poster assessment - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Waves - Applications of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe communication applications of waves
- Explain principles of wireless communication
- Show interest in telecommunications

- Research applications in radio, television, and mobile phones
- Discuss radar and satellite communications
- Create charts showing different communication systems

How have waves transformed communication systems?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 193
- Digital resources
- Internet connectivity
- Chart materials
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 194
- Table templates

- Observation - Chart assessment - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Waves - Review and assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Summarize key concepts about waves
- Apply knowledge to solve wave problems
- Show confidence in understanding waves

- Review main wave concepts
- Answer revision questions
- Discuss solutions to problems

How does understanding waves help us explain natural phenomena?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 195
- Previous notes
- Assessment questions
- Reference materials

- Written test - Observation - Oral questions