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SCHEME OF WORK
Business Studies
Form 4 2025
TERM I
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WK LSN TOPIC SUB-TOPIC OBJECTIVES T/L ACTIVITIES T/L AIDS REFERENCE REMARKS
2 1
NET WORTH OF A BUSINESS.
Basic terms used in business.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:



Define basic terms used in business.
State characteristics of assets / liabilities.



Brief discussion on the terms debtor, creditor, asset, liability and capital.
New Inventor KLB BOOK III Pg 92-95
2 2
NET WORTH OF A BUSINESS.
Book-keeping Equation.
Balance sheet.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify sources of assets.
Derive and explain the bookkeeping equation.
Use a concrete example to arrive at the book-keeping equation.
Apply the book-keeping equation.
Supervised practice.
text book
New Inventor KLB BOOK III Pg 95-97
2 3
NET WORTH OF A BUSINESS.
Importance of a balance sheet.
Book-keeping equation and balance sheet.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain importance of a balance sheet.
Probing questions;
Discussion.
New Inventor KLB BOOK III Pg 99
2 4
NET WORTH OF A BUSINESS.
Net worth of a business.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Determine a business net worth using book-keeping equation and a balance sheet.
Discussion.
New Inventor KLB BOOK III Pg 99-100
3 1
NET WORTH OF A BUSINESS.
BUSINESS TRANSACTIONS
Topic review.
Types of business transactions.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Answer questions correctly.
Answer numerical questions.
Exercise review.
chart
New Inventor KLB BOOK III Pg 100-102
3 2
BUSINESS TRANSACTIONS
Effects of transactions on the balance sheet.
Changes in capital: Drawing.
Additional investments.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Determine the effects of transactions on the balance sheet.
Worked examples;
Supervised exercise;
Guided discovery.
chart
New Inventor KLB BOOK III Pg 103-108
3 3
BUSINESS TRANSACTIONS
Profit & losses.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Determine the solvency of a business.
Q/A : review meaning of terms profit and loss.
Work through examples.
text book
New Inventor KLB BOOK III Pg 109-110
3 4
BUSINESS TRANSACTIONS
THE LEDGER.
Initial and final capital of a business.
Meaning and purpose of a ledger.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Compute the capital at the end of a given period.
Work through examples;
Group activities;
Guided discussion.
text book
A ledger book.
New Inventor KLB BOOK III Pg 111
4 1
THE LEDGER.
Rules of recording transactions in ledger accounts.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Record transactions in a ledger A/Cs.
Exposition and summary in tabular form


A ledger.
New Inventor KLB BOOK III 118-120
4 2
THE LEDGER.
The concept of double entry.
Recording business transactions in ledger accounts.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Apply the rule of double entry.
Further worked examples;
Supervised practice.
Assignment.
text book
Ledger.
New Inventor KLB BOOK III Pg 120
4 3
THE LEDGER.
Purchase of goods and purchase of stock in cash / on credit.
Purchase returns.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Record purchase of stock in cash / on credit.
Exposition;
Oral questions;
Guided discovery.
The Ledger.
New Inventor KLB BOOK III Pg 127-9
4 4
THE LEDGER.
Sale returns.
Expenses in ledger account.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Record sales returns in ledger account.
Worked examples;
Supervised practice.
The Ledger.
New Inventor KLB BOOK III Pg 130
5 1
THE LEDGER.
Revenues in ledger accounts.
Drawings in ledger accounts.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Record revenues in the ledger account.
Worked examples;
Supervised practice.
The Ledger.
New Inventor KLB BOOK III Pg 131
5 2
THE LEDGER.
Balancing ledger accounts.
Balancing an account with only one entry.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Balance ledger accounts.
Oral questions;
Guided discovery;
Numerous examples.
The Ledger.
New Inventor KLB BOOK III Pg 133-4
5 3
THE LEDGER.
Uses of ledger accounts.
Trial balance. Purpose of a trial balance.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Outline uses of ledgers.
Probing questions;
Guided discussion.
chart
5 4
THE LEDGER.
Limitations of a trial balance.
Classification of ledger accounts.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Outline limitations of a trial balance with reference to ?hidden? errors.
Outline errors that may cause a trial balance not to balance.
Exposition of new concepts;
Guided discussion.
chart
New Inventor KLB BOOK III Pg 138-9
6 1
THE LEDGER.
The general ledger.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Outline features of the general ledger.
Oral questions;
Guided discussion.
Chart ?classes of accounts and appropriate ledgers.
New Inventor KLB BOOK III Pg 141
6 2
THE LEDGER.
THE CASH BOOK
Topic review.
Types of cash books. Single- column cash book.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Answer review questions correctly.
Answer questions from revision exercise.
Single-column cash book.
New Inventor KLB BOOK III Pg 142-9
6 3
THE CASH BOOK
The two- column cash book.
Ledger accounts from three-column cash book.
The three-column cash book.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Balance off the two- column cash book.
Worked examples.
Written assignment.
Worked examples.
Supervised exercise.
Two-column cash book.
3-column cash book, the ledger.
3-column cash book.
New Inventor KLB BOOK III Pg 155-6
6 4
SOURCE DOCUMENTS & BOOKS OF ORIGINAL ENTRY
Source documents Introduction. Cash receipt.
Invoice.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:




Define a source document.
Give examples of source documents.

Describe features of a cash / cheque receipt.





Exposition of new terms;

Brain storming;

Brief discussion.
Cash receipts
Invoices.




New
Inventor
K.L.B.
BK IV.
Pg 1-2

7 1
SOURCE DOCUMENTS & BOOKS OF ORIGINAL ENTRY
Debit note and credit note.
Payment voucher & petty cash voucher.
Books of original entry. Sales journal.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define a debit note and a credit note.
Explain purposes of credit notes and credit note.
Examine a debit note and a credit note.
Brief discussion on features of the notes.
Debit note and credit note.
Payment voucher & petty cash voucher.
Sales journal.
New Inventor K.L.B. BK IV. Pg. 5-6
7 2
SOURCE DOCUMENTS & BOOKS OF ORIGINAL ENTRY
Posting from sales journal to sales ledger and general ledger.
Sales returns journal.
Posting entries to the general ledger and sales ledger.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Transfer entries from a sales journal to a sales ledger and general ledger.
Discussion on illustrated examples.
Sales ledger.
Sales returns journal sample page.
Sales return journal sample page.
New Inventor K.L.B. BK IV. Pg 10-12
7 3
SOURCE DOCUMENTS & BOOKS OF ORIGINAL ENTRY
Purchases journal.
Purchases return journal.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Prepare a purchases journal given some transactions.
Exposition of new concepts;
Illustrated example on preparing a purchases journal given a number of transactions.
Supervised practice.
Purchases journal sample page.
Purchases return journal sample page.
New Inventor K.L.B. BK IV. Pg. 15-17
7 4
SOURCE DOCUMENTS & BOOKS OF ORIGINAL ENTRY
Cash receipt journal.
Cash payment journal.
The petty cash book with imprest system.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify features of a cash receipt journal.
Post entries from the journal to the general ledger, cash book and debtors ledger.
Illustrated example on preparing a purchases journal given a number of transactions.
Supervised practice.
Cash receipt journal.
Illustrated cash payment ledger.
Illustrated petty cash book.
New Inventor K.L.B. BK IV. Pg. 20-21
8

MID TERM BREAK

9 1
SOURCE DOCUMENTS & BOOKS OF ORIGINAL ENTRY
Analysis cash book.
General journal.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Record transactions in an analysis cash book.
Exposition of new concepts;
Worked examples;
Discussion;
Written exercise.
Cash analysis sample page.
General journal sample page.
New Inventor K.L.B. BK IV. PG. 32-36
9 2
SOURCE DOCUMENTS & BOOKS OF ORIGINAL ENTRY
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Transactions passed through the general journal.
Importance of journals.
Introduction. Trading Period.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify transactions that are passed through the general journal.
Exposition of new concepts;
Detailed discussion.
text book
New Inventor K.L.B. BK IV. Pg. 37-40
9 3
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Gross Profit or Loss.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Determine the gross profit or loss of a business.
Go through worked examples using various approaches.
Supervised practice;
Group assignments.
charts
New Inventor K.L.B. BK IV. Pg. 55-57
9 4
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The Trading Account.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define the term trading account.

Illustrate trading accounts with worked examples.
Q/A to review the process of obtaining gross profit or loss.
Worked examples.
Supervised practice.
Assignment.
text book
New Inventor K.L.B. BK IV. Pg. 57-60
10 1
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Net Profit or Loss.
Profit or loss account.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define the terms net profit net loss.
Determine net profit or loss.
Brief discussion on distinction between gross and net profit / loss;
Worked examples;
Supervised practice;
Written exercise.
chart
text book
New Inventor K.L.B. BK IV. Pg. 60-62
10 2
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Profit and loss account from a trial balance.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Prepare profit or loss accounts from a trial balance.
Supervised practice;
Written exercise.
magazines,charts
New Inventor K.L.B. BK IV.  pg 62-67
10 3
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The Balance Sheet.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Prepare a balance sheet after making adjustments on capital for specific items.
Exposition of adjustments made on capital for net profit, drawings and additional capital.
Worked examples and Exercises.
charts
New Inventor K.L.B. BK IV. Pg. 67-68
10 4
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The Balance Sheet from a trial balance.
Types of Capital.
Types of capital in a balance sheet.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Prepare a balance sheet from a trial balance.
Q/A to review a trial balance;
Worked examples.
text book
New Inventor K.L.B. BK IV. Pg. 67-68
11 1
MONEY & BANKING
Introduction. Barter trade.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:


Explain the concepts of money and banking.
Describe merits and demerits of barter trade.






Brain storming;
Brief discussion.
text book
New Inventor K.L.B. BK IV. Pg 91-94
11 2
MONEY & BANKING
Money system Characteristics of money.
Functions of money.
Demand for money (liquidity preference)
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State characteristics of money.
Brainstorming and superficial discussion.
text book
chart
New Inventor K.L.B. BK IV. Pg 95-96
11 3
MONEY & BANKING
Supply of money. Banking System.
Development of Banking. Commercial Banks.
Services offered by commercial banks.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define the term supply of money.
Identify various monetary items that are in circulation in an economy.
Identify elements of banking system in Kenya.
Q/A: review the term supply.
Expository approach
Analyse the hierarchy of banks in Kenya.
Give examples of banks in each category.
chart,text book
text book
New Inventor K.L.B. BK IV. Pg. 99-100
11 4
MONEY & BANKING
Non-banking financial institutions.
Functions of the Central bank.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Cite examples of non-banking financial institutions.
State functions of non-banking financial institutions.
Outline differences between commercial bank and NBFI.
Exposition;
Brief discussion;
Probing questions.
text book
New Inventor K.L.B. BK IV. Pg. 109-113
12 1
MONEY & BANKING
PUBLIC FINANCE
PUBLIC FINANCE
Trends in banking.
Purpose of public finance. Sources of public finance.
External borrowing.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe banking policies on types of account, use of computers, ,ATMs, m-banking, Mpesa,
e-banking.
Brain storming;
Discussion.
chart,text book
Business Magazines.
text book
New Inventor K.L.B. BK IV. Pg. 118-121
12 2
PUBLIC FINANCE
Government expenditure. Principles of public expenditure.
Taxation.
Principles of taxation.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Differentiate between recurrent and development expenditure.
Outline principles of public expenditure.
Exposition & discussion.
Newspaper cuttings & relevant magazines.
New Inventor K.L.B. BK IV. Pg. 129-130
12 3
PUBLIC FINANCE
Impact and incidence of tax. Classification of taxes on basis of structure.
Classification of taxes on basis of impact on the tax payer. - Direct tax.
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Differentiate between impact and incidence of tax.

Classify taxes according to structure.
State merits and demerits of taxing people according to structure.


Exposition of new ideas;
Give examples and explanations.
text book
Pg. 133-4
12 4
PUBLIC FINANCE
Classification of taxes on basis of impact on the tax payer. - Indirect tax.
Topic summary / review
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State merits and demerits of Indirect tax.
Q/A and guided discussion.
text book
Pg. 138-141

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